Define cultural deprivation
›Cultural deprivation is not having the “right” kind of culture needed to succeed
What is habitus?
The 'dispositions' (or taken for granted ways of thinking, being and acting) that are shared by a particular social class.
Give one consequence of an ageing population on social policies
- 'Trade down' housing policies
- Increased taxes
- Increase spending on health and welfare
- Policies to encourage marriage/procreation
- Reduced spending on services for younger people
What is the functionalist view of social policy?
It helps family members to perform their functions more effectively
Do you need an introduction and conclusion for a 10 mark question with an item?
No
No 10 mark questions require an introduction or conclusion - only two paragraphs
What are the two types of speech code identified by Bernstein?
Elaborated speech code
Restricted speech code
Explain the difference between symbolic capital and symbolic violence
Symbolic capital: the status, recognition and sense of worth we are able to obtain from others - especially those of a similar class
Symbolic violence: refers to the harm done by denying somebody symbolic capital e.g. by defining their culture as worthless
What are two ways in which globalisation has affected migration patterns?
- Acceleration of migration
- Differentiation of migration
- Feminisation of migration
Identify three different types of family diversity identified by the Rapoports (bonus points if you can name all five)
Life-stage
Organisational
Generational
Social class
What are two things that you must do for 10 mark 'analyse' question with an item that you do not need to do for a 10 mark 'outline and explain' question with no item?
Refer to the item in both of your points
Demonstrate AO3 - analyse or evaluate in each of your points
What are the 3 cultural factors which impact working class achievement?
Language (speech codes)
Working class subculture
Parents education
What are the three stages of the self-fulfilling prophecy?
1. Label is given to student
2. Teacher begins to treat the student as though the label is true
3. Student internalises and lives up to the label
Identify three reasons for the decline in marriages
Secularisation
Declining stigma attached to alternatives e.g. cohabitation
Changes in the position of women
Fear of divorce
Options (with sufficient explanation):
The Rapoports
The New Right
Functionalists
Chester
The individualisation thesis/Giddens/Beck
Stacey
The connectness thesis/Smart/PLP
What are the three assessment objectives in sociology?
AO1: Knowledge and understanding
AO2: Application
AO3: Analysis and evaluation
What are three ways in which middle class parents might be able to support their children to achieve more in education?
›Parenting style: more likely to emphasise discipline and high expectations
›Parents’ educational behaviours: more likely to read to their children, help with homework and attend events such as parents’ evenings
›Income and use of income: more likely to have a higher income and to spend their income in ways that benefit their child’s education
Explain the terms 'differentiation' and 'polarisation' and explain how these relate to 'pupil subcultures'
Two processes involved in creation of pupil subcultures
›Differentiation: Teachers categories pupils by perceived ability, leading to high-status pupils in high streams and low-status pupils in low streams
›Polarisation: Pupils respond to streaming by moving towards two extremes: pro-school and anti-school subcultures
Identify four reasons for the increase in divorce
Changes in the law
Declining stigma and changing attitudes
Secularisation
Rising expectations of marriage
Women's increased financial independence
Growth of feminism
Modernity and individualism
Evaluate the New Right view on family diversity in two ways
Feminist criticisms about the NF being patriarchal or that traditional gender roles are not biologically determined but socially constructed (can count for 2)
Smart's view that cohabiting couples are less stable as they are more likely to be in poverty - not due to lack of commitment
Not all cohabiting couples lack commitment- 75% do go on to marry
No evidence that children of LPFs go on to become delinquent
Identify four ways you can demonstrate AO3 skills
Supporting studies (X also found that Y has an effect on Z)
Criticisms from other sociologists
Alternative explanations (Underachievement could also be caused by...)
Comparing and contrasting using CAGE (This has a positive effect on the middle class because.... but has a negative effect on the working class...)
Chain of reasoning that breaks down in detail how one factor may cause or have an impact on another
Considering how some factors might be inter-linked (e.g. cultural/material/internal/external factors)
What are the four subcultural values of the working class according to Sugarman?
You must name and explain each one to obtain the points.
Immediate gratification
Present-time orientation
Collectivism
Fatalism
And correct explanation
Tell me at least four of the following five things about the 'educational triage' - double points if you can do all five.
1. What does it mean?
2. Which sociologists use this term?
3. What internal factor is it linked to?
4. Why does it exist?
5. Name another concept linked to this one.
1. When schools and teachers focus their time and resources on students who are capable of getting a C at GCSE
2. Gillborn and Youdell
3. Streaming
4. Because of league tables that rank schools based on percentage of their students that achieve 5 or more GCSEs graded A*-C (accept A-to-C economy)
5. A-to-C economy, self-fulfilling prophecy (students triaged into low streams underachieve)
Name 5 family types other than the nuclear family. For each one, you must give one reason why it has become more common in the UK
5 correct answers
Tell me at least four out of the following five things about the term 'pure relationship' - if you can do all five, you get double points
1. What does it mean?
2. Which sociologist is associated with it?
3. Which theory/thesis is this sociologist associated with?
4. Why does it create more family diversity?
5. Why might the pure relationship be seen as a negative thing?
1. Relationship that exists only to meet eachothers needs
2. Giddens
3. Individualisation thesis / Late modernism (accept postmodernism)
4. Because if people's needs are not being met by a relationship they are free to leave any time, creating lone parent families/single person households
5. Because it is less stable - could have an impact on children/childhood
Any 5 from:
- Introduction- Your own knowledge from outside the item
- Points: 3-4 of them
- Evidence: Key concepts and studies
- Explanation: Detailed descriptions of key studies/concepts, examples, causes or effects
- Link: statements that show how your point is relevant to the question
- Evaluation: of each of your points
- Conclusion