The feed industry
What is the feed industry?
Production
Sales
Consumption
What nutrients do we need to supply to animals?
Energy
Protein - essential amino acids
essential fatty acids
minerals
vitamins
oats are used for?
pros?
cons?
Used in creep feeds, used in sow rations, used in pig starter rations
Higher fiber limits energy use in hog and poultry diets
Different ways to get oil out of seeds?
Expelling
Extrusion cooking/ expeller
Pre-press solvent extraction
Pulse Products are?
Whole or dehulled peas, faba beans, lentils
non-gmo, clean label/consumer friendly
High in protein/lysine
Unique starch
Excellent pellet binder
What are some feed ingredients?
Cereals and Grains - corn, wheat, barley, oats
Protein sources - Soybean meal, canola meal, peas, lentils
Corn is used for?
Pros?
Cons?
Main feed grain in the world = in Canada mainly used in poultry diets
High energy - high starch (~65%) and oil levels
Low protein and can cause yellow pigment in animals
Rye is used for?
Pros?
Cons?
Grown in areas with sandy soil and low precipitation, used mainly in cattle and hog feeds
High energy and protein levels
High pentosan levels limits use in poultry feeds
What makes up protein quality?
Nutritional composition
Extent of nutrient digesition
Physical and chemical properties
Secondary metabolites
Fish meal is good for?
variability
Very high in CP and good amino acid quality
Very digestible source of CP for young animals
good fatty acid profile
What is the most consumed meat in 2023?
Pork (then poultry then beef)
Flint vs Dent corn
Flint = hard and glossy, more rounded with slight depression
Dent = softer and has a dent in the crown - most used in industrial corn products
The objectives of processing ingredients are?
Create a consistent product from an inconsistent feed stock
Make safe - microbial, and potential contaminants
Increase digestibility
Fractionate into valuable products
Reduce waste
Canola meal is good for?
Intermediate protein and energy levels
good source of methionine and cysteine
Mainly used in dairy and hog feed (about 5-7% in poultry)
Meat and bone meal is good for?
Variability
produced from whole animals and slaughter waste
High in CP and well balanced amino acid profile
good source of CP for pigs and poultry
Excellent source of Ca, P
What is feed fraud?
Ensuring ingredients are what they say they are
Wheat is used for?
Pros?
Cons?
Grown mainly for human consumption or used in hog and poultry feeds
Modest to high energy and protein levels = used to improve carcass and meat quality (fat is harder and whiter)
fusarium has become major issue and gets easily downgraded due to visible issues
Oil seed meals include?
Canola, Cotton seed, sunflowers (soybeans grow for protein, and the oil is a co-product)
Soybean meal is good for?
Most used protein source worldwide
Higher protein
good lysine source
Blood meal is good for?
Variability
Very high in CP
Very good source of CP for high producing cattle
Good source of organic nitrogen
What is feed hygiene?
Requires the control of microorganisms throughout the feed production chain
Salmonella, E. Coli, mycotoxins
Barley is used for?
Pros?
Cons?
primary cereal used in western Canada for feed, main grain used for cattle and pigs
Relatively high protein content, lysine, and tryptophan, majority of barley is grown for malt but most of it is used for feed
Have to use B-glucanase enzyme in poultry diets to maximize energy utilization and minimize sticky litter
How can hulls be removed
Disk Huller
Bar Huller
Decorticators
Impact hullers
Roller mill or air fractionation
DDGS is good for?
Being a highly variable product at a reasonable cost
fermentation consumes the starch so ddgs concentrated in all the other nutrients
fibre, fat, minerals, non-fermentable sugars, yeast, protein quality
Meal worms are good for?
Enriched environment for poultry
Primarily focused on food uses but pet food and aquaculture are interesting opportunities