Minerals and Vitamins
Different minerals used in feed include?
Macro minerals (Greater than 100ppm) - Ca, P, Na, Cl
Micro minerals (less than 100ppm) = Mg, K, cu, Fe, I, Mn, Se, Zn, and Co
Why are vitamins not in mineral premixes
Minerals will oxidize vitamins so mineral premixes should be separate from vitamin
What is proportioning?
The accurate measurement of each ingredient into the common bulk of the ingredients required in any given batch
Scaling
Batching
Weighing
Blending
Dosing
What form does feed leave a plant in?
Mash, Pelleted, Flaked, textured/mixed, blocks, tubs, liquid, bagged, bulk, liquid
What is particle size reduction? what are the methods?
The ways in which particles of solids are broken or cut into pieces
Compression, impact, attrition, cutting are done by grinding, milling, hammering, or rolling
Salt is important for?
Factors that influence needing it?
the most commonly fed mineral supplement
Mineral content of water, Amount of activity and sweating, milk being produced, temperature and humidity
Chelated minerals are?
A chemical compound in the form of heterocyclic ring, containing a metal ion attached by coordinate bonds to nonmetal ions
Proteinates
reduces the amount of the mineral binding to an insoluble complexes
Zn, Cr, Fe most common metal chelates
Types of scales?
lab scale - 5 gram increments
Sms station - 1 gram increments
APEC micro system - +/- 20 grams
PN1 Scale - +/- 500 gram accuracy
WS1 - +/- 1kg
Truck scales
Differences between a pregrind plant and a postgrind plant
Pre grind needs more storage - though majority of plants are pre grind
Advantages and disadvantages of particle size reductions for animals and feed mills
Feed mill = improves pellet quality, promotes uniform mixing, improves extrusion
Animal = improves digestibility, increase nutrient availability, reduces sorting, increases surface area
dis = difficult to handle, finely ground is difficult to eat in a mash, may having bridging of feeders, increased risk of gastric ulcers, dustier, more costs
The dietary electrolyte balance is important for?
body water management and acid: base regulation of blood
Vitamin Products are important for?
Essential for health but only in trace amounts
Required for normal growth and maintenance and function as a catalyst
How accurate are scales?
No ingredient less than 4% of capacity of scale
Ingredient purchasing affects?
Nutritionist is not the buyer
Purchasing manager affects what the nutritionist has available
The hammer mill is?
Series of hammers, a screen, a rigid metal case enclosure that uses impaction and attrition
good for high grinding capacity, easy maintenance, ease of operation, and grinding of fibrous materials
Bad for energy consumption, more fines and dust, less uniform particles, and heats up ground materials
Calcium supplement sources?
Calcium only = Limestone, Calcium carbonate, oyster shells
Calcium and phosphorus = dicalcium phosphate and bone meal
Dolomite limestone also supplies Mg
Vitamin supplementation and sources?
Supplement because vitamin concentrations vary tremendously within sources
Best sources are Liver and kidney
They are generally destroyed by heat - exposure to air, sunlight, oxidizing conditions
Types of equipment to transfer products?
Screw conveyors - variable speed, variable pitch
Slide discharge - simple operation, speed of response is critical
Why is receiving important?
Need quality sampling system
Need excellent paperwork incase of recall
The area should be clean and bright
cleaning products to exclude rocks and metal
Roller mill is?
Two or more rollers, grooves and corrugations that uses compression
good for better energy efficiency, lower costs, quieter, more exact particle size, less fines
Bad for difficulty with fibrous materials, usually more expensive, requires more experience
Phosphorus and mineral supplement sources?
Sodium phosphate
Monoammonium phosphate
Phosphoric acid
Water soluble = B vitamins and Vitamins C
Fat soluble = A, D, E, K
Key things about proportioning?
Highly reliable in operation
High dosing accuracy
Suitable for fast and slow discharge
Hygienic design
simple to operate
low maintenance
Dust control is important for?
Receiving and grinding, mixing, transfer all create a lot of dust
Important for - fire safety, pollution control, human health, minimize shrink
Multicracker system is? vs Steam flaker is?
MS= two or more rollers, grooves and corrugations, that uses compression
SF = Steam chest, rollers, feeder bar that uses compression