External Features
What are some characteristics shared by all mammals?
All mammals can be distinguished by the presence of hair, mammary glands, the mandible, three bones in the ear cavity, diaphragm, sweat glands, and heterodentation.
What are the 3 types of muscles and how do they differ?
Skeletal: Striated, voluntary
Cardiac: Striated, involuntary
Smooth: No striations, involuntary
Would the trachea collapse when you were exhaling if there were no rings of cartilage in its walls.
Yes
What is the function of the digestive system?
Reduces raw materials to a state where they can be absorbed into the body and supply the body with energy by their absorption.
What is the advantage of a 4-chambered heart in mammals over a 3-chambered heart?
It allows us to send "dirty" blood to the lungs to be cleaned and "clean" blood to the rest of our body without mixing the two.
What is the length of the estrous cycle in pigs and how does it compare to humans? What is the length of the gestation period in pigs and how does it compare to humans?
Estrous Cycle: Pigs=21, Humans=28
Gestation Period: Pigs=112-115 days, Humans=270 days
Why doesn't the skin fall away from the body?
It is connected to muscle beneath it by a layer of connective tissue.
How does hemoglobin carry oxygen in the blood?
Oxygen is carried in the blood by proteins called hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is found in red blood cells known as erythrocytes.
Why doesn't the stomach digest itself?
It is lined with epithelial cells which produce mucus. This forms a barrier between the lining of the stomach and its contents.
What is the disease when fatty deposits collect on the walls of the arteries?
Atherosclerosis or cholesterol
Why is skin such an important organ?
Skin acts as a barrier against ultraviolet radiation, keeps out harmful substances, helps prevent the body from water-loss, aids in regulating body temperature, is an excretory organ, serves as a receptor for external stimulations, provides storage for reserve nutrients, and is the site of vitamin D production.
Where is most of the muscle weight found in humans?
Near the hip joint in the lower/middle part of the body as it contains some of the largest bones and muscles in the body.
Why must the lungs have a large number of blood vessels in them?
Because the lungs give oxygen to the blood and remove CO2 from the blood.
Why is it important that there be many villi in the intestines?
Provides a large surface area for the absorption of food digested.
Why is the ability to develop colateral circulation important in persons prone to heart disease?
It allows new blood vessels to reroute blood flow around blockages
Why does air breathed in need to be warmed, filtered, and moistened?
So that larger particles of bacteria/debris don't enter the respiratory system.
Would you ever eat the biceps femoris of a pig?
Is located on the outside of the thigh, next to the gluteus medius. Ham comes from the thigh of the pig, therefore you could eat the biceps femoris of the pig.
What must happen in order for the lungs to expand so that you can inhale?
The diaphragm must relax and allow the thoracic cavity to expand along with the lungs.
What is the advantage of having muscles that run at different angles in the stomach?
So the stomach muscles can contract and mix digested food with bile.
What keeps blood from pooling in the legs of humans and pigs?
In healthy veins, there is a continuous flow of blood from the limbs back toward the heart. Valves within the veins prevent the backflow of blood.
What is the function of the hard palate?
Allows food to be chewed while breathing continues.
Define the terms origin, insertion and belly.
Origin: the less movable or immovable part of a muscle
Insertion: the more movable part of a muscle which moves when a muscle contracts
Why is it necessary to close the opening of a puncture wound in the chest?
To keep the blood and oxygen from escaping the body.
Why is it dangerous for an infant to have diarrhea?
Diarrhea causes the body to lose too much water and minerals. Infants become dehydrated at a quicker rate.
Why does a pregnant woman need to empty her bladder more often as she gets closer to her due date?
Hormones stimulate the kidneys to expand and produce more urine.