Intro to Neoplasm
Name the following neoplasias:
benign epithelial growth (glandular)
malignant growth of cartilage
malignant growth of squamous cell epithelium
adenoma
chondrosarcoma
squamous cell carcinoma
Cause of paraneoplastic syndromes
release of tumor cell products (hormones, cytokines, immune reactions)
NOT: the tumor itself
The three types of learning and a specific example of each
Habituation: flooding, systematic desensitization
Classical Conditioning: counter conditioning
Operant Conditioning: Response substitution
Compare/Contrast: Critical period vs sensitive period
Critical: genetically programmed, certain experiences must occur during the period, failure results in lifelong irreversible effects
Sensitive: genetically programmed, period of exposure most beneficial, failure not irreversible but difficult to change
Write out the carbonic acid equation
CO2 + H2O <-> H2CO3 <-> HCO3- + H+
Key characteristics of malignant cancer cells (6)
sustaining proliferative signaling
evading growth suppressors
activating invasion/ metastasis
enabling replicative immortality
inducing angiogenesis
resisting cell death
External risk factors for developing cancer with examples (4)
UV: white cats, squamous cell carcinoma
toxins/chemicals: aflatoxin b1: hepatitis/liver cancers, bracken fern: enzootic hematuria, urinary bladder cancer
Virus: papillomavirus- carcinoma
Innflammation/trauma: injection site sarcoma
Define Classical Conditioning
previously neutral stimulus acquires meaning after being paired with an inherently meaningful stimulus. results in involuntary physiologic and emotional responses.
Describe the socialization period of canines
3-14 weeks of age
enhanced neuroplasticity
exposure to other species results in friends, exposure to various things paired with a positive experience will benefit the dog for life
contains the fear period (8-12 weeks)
The 3 compensatory mechanisms
1. Immediate chemical buffering (minutes)- bicarb, effective for metabolic alterations, not for respiratory
2. Respiratory compensation (hours)- acidemia increased respiration, decreases CO2
3. Renal compensation (days)- acid excretion and bicarb reabsorption from urine
BODY NEVER OVERCOMPENSATES
Compare/Contrast: Benign vs Malignant Tumors
Benign: slow growing, structure similar to tissue of origin, does not invade, usually curable, rarely lethal
Malignant: rapid growing, anaplastic, invade locally or metastasize, lethal if not treated, causes paraneoplastic syndromes
Which cancers are the following advanced diagnostic tests useful for:
PCR for antigen receptor rearrangements
Flow cytometry
BRAF mutation
c-KIT
PCR: lymphoma, used when other results are ambiguous
Flow cytometry: B vs T cell lymphoma, cell size, granularity
BRAF: urothelial carcinoma
c-KIT: mast cell tumor
What are the 4 levels of cognition investigation
Phylogeny
Ontogeny
Function
Mechanism
The 5 pillars of a healthy feline environment
1. Provide a safe space with plenty of hiding spots
2. Provide multiple and separated key resources
3. Provide opportunity for predatory and prey relationships
4. Provide positive and consistent social interactions with humans
5. Provide an environment that respects the cats sense of smell
The 4 primary disturbances
1. Respiratory Acidosis (high CO2)
2. Respiratory Alkalosis (low CO2)
3. Metabolic Acidosis (low HCO3-)
4. Metabolic Alkalosis (high HCO3-)
Describe the cytology of the round cell tumors (4)
Mast cell: granules, eccentric nuclei, purple, more granules= well-differentiated tumors
Histiocytoma: big cells, light blue cytoplasm, fairly uniform
Plasma cell: perinuclear clear zone, multinucleation, more atypia
Lymphoma: highest N:C ratio (no cytoplasm), round nuclei
Compare/Contrast: tumor grading vs staging
Grading: done by pathologist, based on histologic features, predicts grade (low v high, 1,2,3), established for mast cell tmor and soft tissue sarcoma
Staging: done by clinician, tells extent of growth and spread, TNM (size of tumor, lymph node involvement, metastasis), guides prognosis and treatment
Explain the 4 types of operant conditioning and give an example of each
Positive reinforcement: adding something to increase the behavior. Food presented
Negative reinforcement: something removed to increase the behavior. Shock ended, pressure withdrawn
Positive Punishment: something added to decrease the behavior. Shock, yell, hit
Negative punishment: something taken away to decrease the behavior. withdraw attention
Describe 4 behavior modification techniques
1. Counter conditioning (classic)- pair a previously frightening stimulus with something pleasant (food) to change the pets emotions about the stimulus
2. Response substitution (operant counter conditioning): asking for an alternate behavior incompatible with unwanted behavior, and reward alternate behavior
3. Systematic desensitization: controlled and gradual exposure to a stimulus in steps of increasing intensity while pet is relaxed. Easily combined with other techniques
4. Flooding: prolonged exposure to full intensity fear evoking but harmless stimulus while animal cannot escape. Stimulus is removed when animal is relaxed
Compare: high anion gap acidosis vs normal anion gap acidosis
High: increase in strong non-volatile acid (lactic acid, ketoacid, organic acids)
Normal: loss of HCO3- via GI or kidney, plasma Cl- increased to replace bicarb
Differences between polyp, papilloma, and adenoma
Polyp: exophytic growth, mucosal surfaces (intestine, ear/nose)
Papilloma: exophytic growth, squamous cell origin (skin)
Adenoma: not always exophytic, glandular epithelial origin (mammary gland, thyroid gland, intestines)
Polyp and adenoma often used interchangeably
All are benign epithelial neoplasms and are surgically curative
A dog comes in for PU/PD, anorexia, and vomiting. You perform bloodwork and the results show high calcium so you start to suspect cancer.
What caused the high calcium and what cancers are associated with this syndrome?
Bonus: what cancers would you be concerned about in a cat?
parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) stimulation causing calcium reabsorption from the kidneys and bone.
Dogs: T cell lymphoma, AGASACA, others
Cat: lymphoma, SCC, multiple myeloma
Compare/Contrast: laboratory based testing and center based testing
Lab based: dogs are trained to use apparatus, less noise, dogs housed at lab, used to test medications, diets, supplements
Center based: often use pet dogs, requires little to no training, more noise, used to evaluate memory, social communication, problem solving
Explain the external factors that effect development for both dogs and cats (stress, parental effects, environment)
Dog: mild stress in first few days can be beneficial, leads to less reactivity and emotionality, increased disease resistance
environmental changes can turn a gene on or off, altering behavior. Shyness/nervousness is heritable, greatest variations occur within a breed
Cat: mild stress early is beneficial- same effects as canines
Maternal: if mom is afraid of people, kittens will be too. If mom is malnourished- kittens have delayed physical development, decreased learning, suppressed play
Paternal: 3 personality types from dad: active/aggressive, timid/nervous, confident/ easy-going
Limited environment: affected ability to learn- can lead to visual cortex development deficits
Explain the following case: cat with heart failure and pulmonary edema
RR= 63, bluish MM
pH= 7.2
PO2= 52 mmHg
PCO2= 32 mmHg
HCO3- = 29 mEq/L
BE= 3
Unable to determine primary cause of acidosis since both respiratory and metabolic values indicate compensation. Hypoxemia is likely due to a VQ mismatch based on clinical presentation.