SAM
INTERVENTIONS FOR CONTROLLING ICP
-elevate hob 30 degrees, -head and neck and neutral alignment, -administer o2, -avoid suctioning, blowing nose, coughing and sneezing
This respiratory pattern is the hallmark of the progressive stage of shock and signals worsening perfusion.
What is rapid, shallow breathing?
How does the movement of fluid in osmosis differ from the movement of solutes in diffusion?
Osmosis is fluid from low to high. Diffusion is solutes high to low
Distinguish between benign and malignant tumors.
Benign: well differentiated, encapsulated, slow growth, usually localized. Malignant: poorly differentiated, faster growth, metastasizes in blood and lymphatic system, often causes weakness, weight loss, tissue/cell damage
This minimally invasive procedure uses a balloon to open a narrowed valve.
What is valvuloplasty?
Meds used to decrease ICP?
-osmotic duretics (mannitol), and hypertonic solutions
A patient presents with hypotension, tachycardia, cool clammy skin, and decreased urine output after hemorrhage.
What is hypovolemic shock?
What is the role of Colloid Osmotic pressure and albumin in reabsorbing fluid into the blood, and what clinical conditions can occur?
Reabsorbs fluid back into the vascular space. If it’s low it causes ascites.
What are the stages of carcinogenesis? What is involved in the last stage?
-Initiation: exposure alters DNA. -Promotion: co-carcinogens. -Progression: cells exhibit increasingly malignant behavior. -Angiogenesis: NOT a carcinogen, it is the development of new blood vessels
This surgical repair tightens the valve ring to improve function.
What is annuloplasty?
Name this posture: arms are abducted beside the body, wrists are flexed, and feet are planter flexed.
-decerebrate
A patient has hypotension, tachycardia, fever, elevated lactate, and warm flushed skin early in the condition.
What is septic shock?
What does aldosterone and ADH regulate?
Aldosterone: sodium and water reabsorption. ADH: tells the body to hold onto water.
What are the agents/factors that have been found to be carcinogenic? Give an example of each.
Genetics/familial (BRCA gene), hormonal (early menses/late menopause), dietary (alcohol), chemical (tobacco), physical (sunlight), viruses (HPV), bacteria (H-pylori).
A patient with tamponade presents with hypotension, JVD, and muffled heart sounds. What is this called?
What is Beck’s triad?
What posture is this? Elbows and hands are flexed and adducted, legs internally rotated, and feet are plantar flexed.
-decorticate
In early hypovolemic shock, fluid shifts from this space into the vascular system to compensate.
What is the interstitial space?
S/S of hypo and hypernatremia?
For Hypernatremia, nurses should monitor for thirst, restlessness, tachycardia, and check neurological status. For Hyponatremia, the priority risks are muscle cramps, weakness, and seizures
What are the goals of chemotherapy and radiation? What is the main teaching point for radiation?
-Chemotherapy: eradicate as much as possible. -Radiation: cure or control. -Do not remove the skin markings.
This is the FIRST intervention for SVT in a stable patient.
What is vagal maneuvers?
Early signs of ICP? What is the FIRST?
FIRST to change is LOC, and then pupils are sluggish and unequal, sudden weakness, and increased BP
This acid-base imbalance occurs due to anaerobic metabolism and lactic acid buildup in shock.
What is metabolic acidosis?
Which imbalance is the loss of both water and solutes; it results in low BP and inadequate perfusion and is treated with what?
Hypovolemia and isotonic solutions
What are the two types of prevention when it comes to cancer?
-Primary prevention: reduce the risk (vaccines). -Secondary prevention: early detection (screenings and yearly physicals)
A patient with complete heart block will most likely require this treatment.
What is pacing?