Genetics
Considered the father of genetics, experimented with pea plants and discovered that individuals have two alleles
Gregor Mendel
the process of making identical copies of DNA before cell division
DNA replication
The form of RNA which is created as a blueprint from DNA; carries instructions for making a protein
mRNA (messenger RNA)
structures that have similar anatomy that originated in a shared ancestor
homologous structures
Physical characteristics of an organism; "what you see is what you get"
Phenotype
Specific sequence of DNA where DNA synthesis begins
Replication origin
The form of RNA found in the ribosome
rRNA (ribosomal RNA)
an accumulation of inherited characteristic environments that enhance an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in specific environments
adaptations
Breeding lines in which interbred members always produce offspring with the same trait, generation after generation
True lines or True breeding
An enzyme that unwinds the double helix of DNA and separates the DNA strands in preparation for DNA replication.
DNA helicase
The form of RNA that carries each amino acid to the ribsome to form the polypeptide chain (protein)
tRNA (transfer RNA)
The breeding of domesticated plants and animals to select for desired traits
Artificial selection
Any characteristic of an individual
Trait
Enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule
DNA Polymerase
The sugar found in the RNA nucleotide
Ribose
identical in function but have a very different anatomy
Analogous structure
Why did Mendel use pisum sativum?
Easy to grow, short reproductive cycle, produces a large number of seeds
Sequence of RNA nucleotides bound to a region of single-stranded DNA to initiate DNA replication.
RNA primer
The base found only in RNA (replaces thymine in DNA)
Uracil (U)
structures that serve no purpose
Vestigial structures
The passing of traits from parents to offspring
Heredity
the strand of DNA that is continuously synthesized into the replication fork.
Leading strand
Monomers that make up polypeptide chains (proteins)
Amino acids
True or false: Individuals don't evolve but populations do evolve
True
The parental generation is identified as
P1
The strand that is synthesized away from the replication fork , in fragments using sections called Okazaki fragments.
Lagging strand
The language of mRNA instructions read by ribosomes in 3 letter sequences.
Codons
change in the gene pool of a small population due to chance
Genetic drift
An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations; "the blueprint"
Genotype
Small fragments of DNA produced on the lagging strand during DNA replication, joined later by DNA ligase to form a complete strand.
Okazaki fragments
The main enzyme that transcribes DNA into mRNA
RNA polymerase
the loss or gain of alleles from a population due to the emigration or immigration of fertile individuals
Gene flow
Having identical alleles for a gene (RR)
Homozygous
enzyme which connects the individual okazaki fragments on the lagging strand by forming covalent bonds
DNA ligase
DNA -> RNA -> Protein
Central Dogma
a change in the DNA of a gene, ultimately resulting in genetic diversity
Mutations
Having two different alleles for a trait (Rr)
Heterozygous
5' to 3' direction; In DNA synthesis, DNA strands always elongate in a 5' to 3' direction.
Direction of replication
A child has a disease that is causing severe growth delays and rapid aging. His cells are assayed, and it is noticed that there is a severe decrease in DNA synthesis compared to normal cells. When DNA from his cells was gently heated to separate the double helix, numerous, small, single-stranded fragments of about 1000 base pairs were found. Which enzyme is likely to be defective in this child?
Ligase
organisms best suited to their environment produced more frequently and pass on their favorable traits to their offspring
Natural selection
A cross between two individuals, concentrating on only one definable trait
Monohybrid cross
The form of DNA, referring to its two strands wound into a spiral shape.
Double helix
How is bacterial DNA replication similar to eukaryotic DNA replication?
Both bacterial and eukaryotic DNA replication is semiconservative.
the branch of biology that focuses on the inheritance of traits
An enzyme that creates a short RNA primer for initiation of DNA replication.
Primase
Who proposed that the structure of DNA is a double helix with two polynucleotide chains running in opposite directions and held together by hydrogen bonding between pairs of nitrogenous bases?
Watson & Crick
When a mixture of the alleles in the genotype is seen in the phenotype
Incomplete Dominance
A weak chemical bond used to hold complementary base pairs together
Hydrogen bond
In 1952, Hershey and Chase confirmed Avery's (1944) conclusion that __________.
DNA is the repository for hereditary information
When a single gene that controls more than one trait
Pleiotrophy
A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where new strands are growing.
Replication fork
mice infected with heat-killed virulent bacteria and live nonvirulent bacteria developed pneumonia and died
In Griffith's experiments
The process by which the message from DNA is written down into RNA
Transcription
Chargaff's rules for the pairing of nitrogen bases is
A = T and G = C