Way Back When...
This is a multidisciplinary field that combines biology, computer science and mathematics to analyze and interpret biological data.
What is bioinformatics?
These parts of the premature, transcribed mRNA are removed during RNA splicing to form mature mRNA.
What are introns?
What does PCR stand for and what does it mean for an experiment to happen in vitro?
What is Polymerase Chain Reaction, and in vitro means it's a process performed outside of a cell and is conducted using isolated DNA.
This website/application allows you to compare primer sequences for a match across all genes in the databases.
What is a Primer BLAST?
This organelle is responsible for making proteins.
What is Ribosome?
This organelle is responsible for protein glycosylation.
What is Golgi or the Golgi apparatus?
These 4 stages of the interphase and 5 stages of mitosis make up the cell cycle.
What is G0,G1, S, G2 AND prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and "cytokinesis"?
This is the purpose of PCR
What is to amplify / make many copies of a DNA segment?
DNA is wound around nucleosomes in these two states: condensed and unpacked. What are the two states? (third times a charm)
What is heterochromatin and euchromatin?
These three nucleic acids on a tRNA molecule matches with complementary bases on an mRNA strand and allows it to determine whether the amino acid it is carrying should be added to the growing polypeptide chain being made.
What is an anti-codon?
These two electron carriers transfer hydrogen and high energy electrons to different enzyme complexes during the Electron Transport Chain.
What are FADH2 and NADH?
This enzyme is responsible for opening the double stranded DNA to form this structure(two words).
What is helicase into a replication fork?
Name and briefly describe the three steps of a PCR reaction.
What is Denaturation (H bonds help separate strands, exposed to primers), Annealing (primers anneal to template), Elongation (strands synthesized / extended from primers)?
These DNA sequences define where transcription of genes start.
What is the promoter?
This enzyme is responsible for reading the DNA strands and forming the mRNA during transcription.
What is RNA polymerase?
The theory that explains how the mitochondria was engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic cell
What is the endosymbiotic theory?
In the cell cycle, tissues grow in two ways (proliferation and hypertrophy), what does this mean?
What is increase in cell number, and increase in cell size?
A PCR reaction's # of copies of DNA _____ after each round until this raw material, which builds the copies of DNA sequences, runs out.
What is doubles and dNTPs?
These proteins bind to the TATA box of the promoter to initiate transcription through the formation of the RNA polymerase transcription complex.
What is general transcription factors (GTF)?
Between PCR and DNA sequencing, these molecules are required for DNA sequencing, but not PCR.
What are terminator bases (ddNTPs)?
tRNA bind to this site on a ribosome in order to check for codon-anticodon matching.
What is the A-site?
These "______ ____" are formed at DNA's origin's of replications aka "Ori's" to speed up DNA replication. (Hint: think about the visual appearance)
What is replication bubbles?
These five components are required for a PCR reaction?
What is DNA template, DNA polymerase enzyme, primers, dNTP, and a thermal cycler machine?
Name at least 3 components of cell signaling in biological systems. (How do cells know what to do?)
What is signal molecules (hormone, growth factors), receptors, second messengers, target proteins (transcription factors), response (gene transcription, suppression)?
This enzyme is involved with converting RNA strands to DNA strands so that mRNA can be sequenced.
What is reverse transcriptase?