Ancient Britain
What was Stonehenge used for?
A burial/ritual/ceremonial site. and/or possibly a calendar.
What were the seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms called?
The Heptarchy: Mercia, East Anglia, Kent, Northumbria, Essex, Wessex, Sussex
What pandemic struck England in 1348–49?
The Black Death
Who founded the Anglican Church?
Henry VIII
What was the First British Empire based on?
Atlantic colonies (North America & Caribbean).
Name one major change brought by the arrival of the Celts.
Iron weapons, tribal organisation, druidic religion.
What did the Treaty of Wedmore (878) establish?
Peace with Vikings + Danegeld - creation of the Danelaw.
Why did the Black Death create social tension?
Labour shortages meant peasants demanded better conditions.
What major change occurred under Edward VI?
Strong protestant reforms
What major shift began in late 18th-century Britain?
The Industrial Revolution.
What was the main purpose of Hadrian’s Wall?
To mark and defend the northern frontier of Roman Britain from the Picts and Scots.
Why is Alfred the Great considered a unifying king?
Military defence, educational reforms, law code.
What was the Peasants’ Revolt of 1381 mainly about?
Poll taxes + attempts to freeze wages.
Why was the defeat of the Spanish Armada significant?
Secured Protestant England + naval dominance and England's entrance in the colonial race
What defines the Second British Empire?
Expansion in Asia, Africa, and the Pacific.
Name two Roman contributions that reshaped Britain.
Roads, towns, Latin, administration, baths, villas.
When was William I crowned?
December 25th 1066?
Why were the 1300s a period of crisis?
Plague, famine, war, economic disruption.
Name one cultural achievement of the Elizabethan Age.
Shakespeare, theatre culture, architecture, exploration.
Name one cultural impact of the Industrial Revolution.
Urbanization, new classes, literacy, social movements.
Why did Roman rule collapse in Britain?
Troops withdrawn + political crisis in the Empire.
Give one long-term impact of the Norman Conquest.
Feudalism, castles, French language, centralised monarchy.
Which long international conflict shaped the century?
The Hundred years War
Why did Elizabeth I promote a “middle way” in terms of the English church?
To maintain religious stability and avoid conflict.
What triggered post-WWII decolonisation?
Economic exhaustion + colonial nationalism.