Exam #1
What is the difference between the exergonic vs endogenic reaction?
Exergonic reactions release free energy (negative ∆G), proceeding spontaneously with lower-energy products, like cellular respiration; while endergonic reactions absorb free energy (positive ∆G), requiring energy input to occur, building complex molecules (anabolism) or storing energy, like photosynthesis
What are resident and wandering cells?
Resident cells are fixed, permanent cells within connective tissue (like fibroblasts making fibers or adipocytes storing fat), while wandering cells are immune/migratory cells (like lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, plasma cells, eosinophils) that travel from the blood into tissues to fight infection or inflammation when needed, acting as temporary visitors for specific jobs.
What is the muscle fiber that is Fast anaerobic fibers, and used for fast indurance and short duration?
FG
What is the pathway that sends information towards the internal organs?
Viscerosensory pathways
Which structure connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres?
A. Thalamus
B. Corpus callosum
C. Brainstem
D. Basal nuclei
B
What is the function of each macromolecule?
tRNA:
rRNA:
mRNA:
tRNA: adaptor molecule that carries specific amino acids to the ribosome.
rRNA: The primary structural and functional component of ribosomes.
mRNA: Carries the genetic instructions (a copy of the DNA blueprint) for building a specific protein from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm
What are the different skin pigments will these give? Carotene:
Orange
What is decreased when Botulinum toxin is injected?
ACh release
What is the pathway called that regulates and controls precise , discrete movements?
Lateral pathway
Tactile receptors are known as?
A. Thermoreceptors
B. Chemoreceptors
C. Mechanoreceptors
D. Photoreceptors
C
What are the definitions of each term:
Decomposition Reaction:
Synthesis Reaction:
Exchange Reaction:
Decomposition Reaction: breaks down a compound (AB → A + B)
Synthesis Reaction: builds up smaller substances into a larger one (A + B → AB)
Exchange Reaction: shuffle components between two compounds (AB + CD → AD + CB)
What are the difference between these glands:
Holocrine:
Apocrine:
Merocrine:
merocrine using exocytosis without cell damage (e.g., eccrine sweat glands), apocrine releasing product with part of the cell membrane (e.g., mammary glands), and holocrine shedding the entire cell (e.g., sebaceous glands)
What is the difference between hyperolarization and return to RMP?
Hyperpolarization is a phase where the neuron's membrane potential becomes more negative than the resting potential (RMP), often an "undershoot" after an action potential, while the "return to RMP" is the overall process (repolarization) of restoring that normal negative potential
What is the purpose of the withdrawal reflex?
withdraw the body part away from painful
stimulus
What are the three criteria used to classify sensory receptors?
a) Receptor distribution, stimulus origin, neurotransmitter released
b) Receptor distribution, stimulus origin, Transduction
c) Receptor distribution, stimulus origin, modality of stimulus
d) Receptor distribution, synaptic target, modality of stimulus
C
What are the ions inside and outside of the resting membrane basis? (Explain what ion is outside and what ions is inside)
K+ is inside while Na+ is outside
What is the zone that cell division stops; chondrocytes greatly enlarge; thinning of lacunae walls because chondrocytes resorb matrix
Zone of hypertrophic cartilage
What is the channel that opens in response to changes in electrical charge (potential) across plasma membrane?
Voltage Gated Channel
What is the difference between the sympathetic vs parasympathic NS?
the sympathetic system activates the "fight-or-flight" response (accelerator) for stress/danger, increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and alertness; the parasympathetic system manages "rest-and-digest" functions (brake), slowing these processes down, promoting calm, digestion, and recovery
The precentral gyrus is primarily responsible for:
A. Vision
B. Voluntary motor control
C. Hearing
D. Sensory perception
What are the different components of homeostasis and what are their functions?
Receptor/Sensor (detects changes), a Control Center (processes info & sends signals, like the brain/hypothalamus), and an Effector (acts to correct, e.g., muscles/glands), all working in feedback loops (usually negative) to keep internal conditions stable, like temperature or blood sugar
What is the bone repair stage that is hard callus forms?
3rd stage
What is in low O2 production and causes soreness in muscles after working out?
Lacate
Name all the types of basic sensations and what they taste like:
Sweet :sugars/organic compounds.
Salt : metal ions, like Na+ and K+.
Sour: acids such as H+ in vinegar.
Bitter : alkaloids (like quinine, unsweetened chocolate, nicotine, and
caffeine).
Umami : savory/meaty flavor = amino acids (glutamate and aspartate)
What inner-ear structure is responsible for hearing?
The cochlea.