Laws/protocols/MCI
Optimal span of control during a MCI
3-7 (5 is optimal) responders for each lead
Difference between Oxygenation, Respiration, Ventilation, and Perfusion
Oxygenation - Loading of oxygen onto RBCs
Respiration - Exchange of CO2 and O2 in Alveoli
Ventilation - Movement of air in and out of body
Perfusion - Exchange of O2 and waste (Co2) within tissue/cells
Hypo vs hyperglycemia + treatment
Hypoglycemia - Low BGL
Hyperglycemia - High BGL
Hypo - oral glucose
Hyper - POWR (definitive treatment: insulin/fluids)
Type 1 vs Type 2 diabetes
Type 1 - insulin deficient
Type 2 - Insulin resistant
rolled up towels on each side of patients head
What does HIPPA stand for, what does it protect
"Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act"
All patient information is considered protected health information (PHI)
Difference between functional and organic brain disorders
Functional - Brain disorders that occur without a physical cause (ie: Schizophrenia)
Organic - Brain disorders that occur from a physical cause (ie: Alzheimer's)
S&S of Diabetic keto acidosis (DKA)
Polydipsia, Polyphagia, Polyuria
Anaphylaxis S&S + treatment
Stridor, wheezing, flushing of the face-neck-chest, urticaria, itching, hypotension, tachycardia, angioedema
High flow o2, Epinephrine 0.3mg IM(adult) 0.15mg IM (pediatric), POWR
Treatment of following injuries:
Evisceration
Open skull fracture
Sucking chest wound
Mid-Shaft femur fracture
Evisceration - Moist sterile dressing covered by an occlusive - minimal pressure
Open skull fracture - loose moist sterile dressings
Sucking chest wound - semi occlusive on anterior SCW, full occlusive on posterior (back SCW)
Mid-Shaft femur fracture - Manual traction + traction splint if its isolated injury
What are the different types of consent
Informed
Expressed
Involuntary
Implied
Two divisions of skeletal system and function
Axial and Appendicular skeleton
Supports body, gives form, produces blood cells, stores calcium, protects internal organs, enables movement
Hemorrhagic vs Ischemic Stroke vs TIA (physiology)
Hemorrhagic - Caused by rupture of a cerebral artery most commonly caused by severe HTN
Ischemic - Caused by blockage of a cerebral artery from clots/plaque
TIA (transient ischemic attack) - caused by spasms or partial blockage of cerebral arteries
Appendicitis vs Cholecystitis S&S and Pathophysiology
Appendicitis - Inflammation/Infection of the appendix. S&S - Right lower quadrant abdominal pain (mcburneys sign), rebound tenderness, fever
Cholecystitis - Inflammation/Infection of gallbladder due to gallstones/blockage.
S&S Right upper quadrant abdominal pain (murphys sign), oily/yellow stools, nausea/vomiting
What is increased intercranial pressure (ICP), S&S, and treatment
Increased intercranial pressure is the rise of pressure within the skull or within the brain due to bleeding around or within the brain.
S&S - Cushings Triad: Bradycardia, widening blood pressure, irregular respirations
Treatment - C-spine, POWR, increase ventilations to at least 20/min
What is the goal of primary triage?
What are the 4 different tag colors and what do they mean
Primary goal of triage is to separate patients by injuries based off of severity.
Green - Minor
Yellow - Delayed
Red - Critical/Severe
Black - Expectant/Deceased
Function of Liver, Spleen, Pancreas, Kidneys
Liver - filters blood, removes toxins, produces bile, stores glucose
Spleen - filters out old blood cells, stores blood
Pancreas - produces digestive enzymes, Insulin, glucagon (regulates BGL)
Kidneys - filters blood to remove waste, sodium, water (regulates BP)
Different types of shock & treatment
(+25 pts if you can name physiology of each)
Hypovolemic
Hemorrhagic
Anaphylactic
Neurogenic
Cardiogenic
Obstructive
Septic
Position supine/POC, rapid transport, high flow O2, keep warm
Right vs Left sided heart failure
Right sided - Right ventricle is unable to pump effectively due to damage from left sided heart failure, pulmonary HTN, chronic lung disease (COPD/Emphysema), Right ventricle MI
S&S - JVD, Dependent/Peripheral edema, Ascites
Left sided - Left ventricle is unable to pump blood effectively due to HTN, coronary artery disease, MI
S&S - Rales/Crackles, SOB, orthopnea, weakness/dizziness
What are the different types of burns: classification, severity, cause
+ Treatment for the 3 types
+ How can you calculate BSA
First (superficial), Second (Involves dermis), Third (involves all layers of skin and further)
Minor, Moderate, Severe
causes - thermal, electric, chemical
Treatment - Dry sterile non adherent dressings, cool with tepid water if still burning, brush off dry chemicals before flushing, flush liquid chemicals.
Rule of nines or rule of palm
Explain START and Jump-START triage
START and JumpSTART are both triage systems used during mass casualty incidents; however, while START assesses adult victims based on respiration, perfusion, and mental status, Jump-START is a pediatric modification that accounts for developmental differences in children and includes special steps like checking for respiratory effort after repositioning the airway and giving rescue breaths for apneic children with a pulse.
Order of blood flow through the heart, order of electrical current through the heart
SA node, AV node, bundle of his, left and right bundle branches, purkinje fibers
S&S of Acute Myocardial Infarction + treatment & physiology
S&S - crushing/stabbing chest pain, shortness of breath, dizziness, diaphoresis, radiating jaw/arm pain, potentially abdominal pain
Physiology - Caused by the blockage of a coronary artery by clots/plaque
Tx- POWR, nitroglycerin (0.4mg x3 5min), Aspirin 324mg
Types of seizures, and treatment
Tonic-Clonic (Grand-Mal): Characterized by the body becoming rigid and randomized violent jerking movements
Absence (Petit-Mal): Brief loss of awareness, staring spells, usually in children.
Simple Focal: No loss of consciousness; may involve sensory, motor, or autonomic symptoms.
Complex Focal: Impaired awareness or consciousness, may involve automatisms (ie: lip smacking).
Difference between pneumothorax, tension pneumothorax, and hemothorax
+treatment
Pneumothorax - air in pleural space causing partial collapse of affected lung, can be caused by penetrating trauma
Tension Pneumothorax - air in pleural space causing complete collapse of affected lung and partial collapse of unaffected lung due to increasing pressure
Hemothorax - blood in pleural space that can cause partial collapse of affected lung and hypovolemic shock. caused by bleeding around lung typically from a fractured rib
Treatment - High flow o2, careful ventilations if using BVM, POWR. ALS intercept if possible for needle decompression