Vitamins, Water,
Major Minerals
Major Minerals
What are the signs of riboflavin deficiency?
-Inflammation of membranes
fatigue, swollen tongue, blurred vision, depression, dermatitis around the mouth, edema around the throat, hair loss, reproductive issues.
What are the 4 fat soluble vitamins?
ADEK
When does lactate/lactic acid start building up in the body?
When a person performing intense physical exercise begins to feel fatigue and a burning pain in the muscles, the muscles respond by synthesizing more lactate. Lactate or lactic acid formation is a product of anaerobic glycolysis.
Intermediate activities such as a 400-meter run, will result in lactic acid build up.
What is the recommended weight gain for someone at a normal BMI when pregnant?
25-35lb
What is the processes that uses heat to kill bacteria in processed food?
Pasteurization.
What are the 3 roles of vitamin C?
-Antioxidant
-Collagen formation cofactor
-Deactivates histamine (immune system boost)
What is the difference between hard and soft water?
Build up of different electrolytes:
soft: sodium
hard: calcium, magnesium
True or False: Acetyl CoA can only be formed by carbohydrates.
False: Acetyl CoA can be synthesized for all 3 energy yielding nutrients.
What condition is associated with drinking alcohol in pregnancy?
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Pregnant women. May cause fetal death, still birth.
What is a generalized role of all B vitamins?
-Energy Metabolism, they are coenzymes.
-Thiamin: coenzyme, part of thiamin pyrophosphate (conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA)
-Riboflavin: coenzyme, part of flavin mononucleotide, flavin adenine dinucleotide
-Niacin: coenzyme, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (carries hydrogen and their electrons)
-Biotin: Coenzyme that carries activated carbon dioxide, Critical in TCA cycle, Delivers carbon to pyruvate to form oxaloacetate, Gluconeogenesis and fatty acid synthesis, Breakdown of fatty acids and amino acid
-Pantothenic Acid: part of coenzyme A
-Vitamin B6: Conversion to coenzyme PLP, conversion of tryptophan to niacin or serotonin
-Folate/folic acid: Transfers 1-carbon compounds during metabolism
▪ Converts vitamin B12 to coenzyme form
▪ Synthesizes DNA
▪ Regenerates methionine from homocysteine
-Vitamin B12, cobalamin: vitamin B12 and folate depend on each other for activation
− Regeneration of methionine
− Synthesis of DNA and RNA
What is the function of vitamin K?
Acts as a coagulant. Affects a lab value called INR (indicates clotting time). May interfere with anticoagulants.
Which organ is the major site for gluconeogenesis?
The liver.
True or False: Omega 3 fatty acids are necessary for fetus's brain development and function in pregnancy
True.
How does acrylamide form?
- Forms during high-temperature cooking of carbohydrate-rich foods containing sugar and asparagine
− Probable carcinogen
− Quantities in foods are low
− French fries, potato chips, cereals, and cookies
Name 5 Foods that are good sources of thiamin
-Tortilla
-Pork chop
-Soy milk
-Squash
Is your blood pH basic or acidic?
Blood pH is 7.35-7.45 - it is neutral, but slightly basic.
Detail Glycolysis. What is the starting substrate and ending product?
Glucose -> pyruvate.
Detail how many calories a pregnant woman needs per trimester.
1st: no change
2nd: 340 kcal
3rd: 450 kcal
Carbohydrates spare protein needed for growth. Ideally 175g/day or more are needed as well as an additional 25g/day of protein.
What is BGH and what is its purpose?
Bovine growth hormone. Stimulates milk production in cows.
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxal, pyridoxine, pyridoxamine)
Conversion to coenzyme PLP
− Amino acid metabolism
− Carbohydrate and fatty acid metabolism
− Conversion of tryptophan to niacin or serotonin
− Synthesis of heme, nucleic acids, and lecithin
• Stored exclusively in muscle tissue
Calcium: What is the relationship between vitamin D and calcium? What about PTH and calcium? What about calcitonin and calcium?
Vitamin D and calcium: acts as a hormone, assists in the absorption of calcium and phosphorus.
PTH (parathyroid hormone) and calcium: when blood calcium is low, stimulates the activation of vitamin D, regulates the amount of calcium that is in blood, by stimulating reabsorption from the kidneys into the blood and stimulates bone breakdown.
Calcitonin and calcium: when blood calcium is high, inhibits the activation of vitamin D, preventing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys, inhibits blood breakdown.
What are 2 negative affects of exercise without adequate nutrition?
-prolonged, high-intensity activity stimulates free radical production
-sports anemia, due to high iron/blood oxygenation needs
-dehydration
-hyperthermia
What is Pica? What mineral deficiency is associated with Pica?
An eating disorder in which a person eats things not usually considered food. Iron.
What are the characteristics of botulism? What popular medical aesthetic procedure uses a derivative of clostridium botulinum bacteria?
Progressive paralysis of the respiratory system. Botox.