Development Through the Lifespan
What is the term for the process of growth and development that occurs in a predictable sequence, influenced by genetic factors?
Maturation
What is the difference between sensation and perception?
Sensation is the process of receiving sensory input, and perception is how we interpret that input
What term refers to a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response in classical conditioning?
An unconditioned stimulus (US)
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, what is the highest level, where a person seeks to fulfill their potential and find meaning?
Self-actualization
What part/system of the brain that is primarily responsible for regulating emotions, survival instincts, and memory?
The limbic system
What issue in development asks whether human characteristics are primarily shaped by biological or environmental factors?
Nature vs. nurture
Which theory of color vision posits that color is perceived by three types of cones (red, green, blue)?
Trichromatic theory
What is the term for removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior in operant conditioning?
Negative reinforcement
What is the concept of "grit" in relation to motivation?
Perseverance and passion for long-term goals
What is neuroplasticity?
The brain’s ability to reorganize and form new neural connections throughout life
In Piaget's stages of cognitive development, what is the milestone that marks an infant's understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen?
Object permanence
What are monocular cues for depth perception?
Cues that require one eye, such as relative size and linear perspective
What does the term "vicarious reinforcement" refer to in operant conditioning?
Learning through observing the reinforcement or punishment of others
Which theory of emotion states that emotions are the result of physical responses to stimuli, and the emotional experience follows the bodily response?
James-Lange theory of emotion
What is the role of the hippocampus in the brain?
The hippocampus is involved in forming new memories
According to Kohlberg, which level of moral development involves making decisions based on abstract ethical principles like justice?
Postconventional
What is the phenomenon where people tend to fill in gaps in an image to create a complete whole?
Closure
In classical conditioning, what term refers to the process of pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to trigger a conditioned response?
Acquisition
What is intrinsic motivation?
Motivation driven by internal rewards or satisfaction, like doing something for enjoyment
In split-brain studies, what do researchers learn about the functions of the left and right hemispheres?
The left hemisphere controls language and analytical tasks, while the right hemisphere controls spatial and creative tasks
Which attachment style is described as the infant being anxious and upset even when the caregiver returns?
Insecure ambivalent/resistant attachment
What is the blind spot in the visual field, and why don’t we notice it?
The area where the optic nerve exits the retina, and we don’t notice it because our brain fills in the missing information
hat is the difference between continuous and partial reinforcement?
Continuous reinforcement provides reinforcement every time the behavior occurs, while partial reinforcement provides reinforcement only some of the time
According to research, do the most successful people tend to be more intrinsically or extrinsically motivated?
Intrinsically motivated
What are the four main lobes of the cerebral cortex, and what is their primary function?
The frontal lobe (thinking and decision-making), parietal lobe (sensory processing), occipital lobe (vision), and temporal lobe (auditory processing)