Endocrine
Define hormone antagonist. List an example
A substance that opposes or reverses the effect of a hormone. Calcitonin is released when blood calcium levels are high, whereas Parathyroid hormone is released when blood calcium is low.
This term refers to the percentage of whole blood that consists of erythrocytes
Hematocrit
When the macula densa senses low NaCl, it triggers the release of this enzyme from juxtaglomerular cells
Renin
This specific stimulus for hormone release is triggered by changing blood levels of certain ions or nutrients, such as glucose or calcium.
Humoral stimulus
Albumin
What is the sequence of urine flow from the nephron to the bladder?
Collecting Duct
Ureter
Renal Papilla
Minor Calyx
Renal Pelvis
Major Calyx
Bladder
Collecting Duct > Renal Papilla >Minor Calyx > Major Calyx > Renal Pelvis > Ureter > Bladder
This hormone, released by the posterior pituitary, primarily regulates water reabsorption without directly affecting salt.
ADH
What are the three steps of hemostasis?
A) Coagulation > Vascular Spasm > Platelet Plug
B) Vascular Spasm > Platelet Plug > Coagulation
C) Platelet Plug > Coagulation > Vascular Spasm
D) Coagulation > Fibrinolysis > Vascular Spasm
Vascular spasm
Platelet plug formation
Coagulation
Which part of the nephron is "impermeable to water" regardless of hormone levels: ascending limb or descending limb?
Ascending limb
This "anti-aldosterone" hormone is released by the heart in response to high blood pressure to promote sodium and water loss.
ANP
Identify the two agranulocytes and their functions
Lymphocytes: T cells that kill pathogens directly and B cells that produce antibodies to mark pathogens for destruction
Monocytes: exit blood to mature as macrophages to clear cellular debris
What triggers the RAAS and what is the first step?
The system is triggered by low blood pressure or low sodium in the kidneys, which causes the kidneys to release the enzyme Renin.
What triggers the RAAS and what is the first step?
The system is triggered by low blood pressure or low sodium in the kidneys, which causes the kidneys to release the enzyme Renin.
O negative. These people do not have any antigens on their red blood cells to trigger an immune response
During Respiratory Acidosis (high CO2 in the blood), the kidneys will compensate by doing these two specific things with H+ and H3O-
Secreting more H+ and reabsorbing/generating more HCO3.