Cells (1)
What are three differences between animal and plant cells,
1. only plant cells have a cell wall
2. only plant cells have a chloroplast
3. Plant cells have one large vacuole, animal cells have several small vacuoles.
What are three functions of the smooth ER?
1. Detoxification
2. Store Calcium
3. Lipid synthesis
When ATP is broken down to produce ADP and P
1. Anabolic or catabolic
2. Dehydration Synthesis or Hydrolysis
3. Change in G greater than or equal to zero or less than o.
1. catabolic
2. Hyro
3. Less than 0
Daily Double-What are the two pyruvate molecules converted into in stage 2
2 acetyl CoA molecules, 2 carbon dioixde, 2 NADH
Which part of the chloroplast does the light reaction and which part of the chloroplast does the dark reaction take place
light - thylakoid
dark - stroma
What are the three sub-phases of interphase and what are key events in each phase.
1. G1- cell grows in size, makes proteins, makes organelles
2. S phase - DNA replication occurs
3. G2 - cell makes proteins such as spindle finers for mitosis.
Which two items produced in the nucleus leave the nucleus
1. RNA
2. Ribosomes
When ADP and P combine to make ATP is this a
1. SPONTANEOUS OR Non- Spontaneous reaction
2. Endothermic or Exothermic
3. Catabolic or Anabolic
1. non-spontaneous
2. endo
3. Anabolic
After stages 1-3 how many CO2, NADH, FADH2, and ATP are produced
1. 6 CO2, 10 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2ATP
Daily Double-what are three items produced in the light reaction. and which of these items are used in the dark reaction
Oxygen, ATP, and NADPH
ATP and NAPDH are used in the dark reaction
Describe in detail the steps of how a protein is produced, modified, and destination of the protein in the endomembrane system (rough ER and Golgi).
1. protein is synthesized on ribosomes on the rough ER.
2. Protein leaves the rough ER travels through the cytoskelton to the golgi apparatus.
3. The golgi, will modify the protein by adding a sugar group to the protein and will determine the destination of the protein, which is either secreted out of the cell or goes to the lysosome, which is inside the cell.
What are four things all cells have in common
2. Four things different between procaryotic and eukaryotic cells
1. cell membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasm, DNA
2. Pro has no nucleus, only eu has organelles, pro smaller, less complex eu larger more complex, pro divides by binary fission, eu by mitosis, pro one small circular chromosome eu many linear chromosomes, pro anaerobic or aerobic, eu aerobic
two major differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Aerobic requires oxygen can make 36 AT6P, anaerobic no oxygen make 2 ATP.
1. The availability or lack of this determines if fermentation or aerobic respiration occurs
2. When you transistion from glycolysis to stage 2 which items produced in glycolysis go to the mitochondria
1. Oxygen
2. NADH and pyruvate
Which three items are required (2/3 come from the light reaction) are used to produce glucose in the dark reaction
ATP, NADPH, CO2
List 4 functions of the cytoskeleton.
1. ANCHORS Cell
2. Anchors organelles
3. Cilia and flagellum - cell motility
4. Moves chromosomes around
5. Tracks to move materials inside the cell
For these items select either passive, active, or bulk transport
1. Does not require energy
2. Molecules move from high concentration to low concentration.
3. Molecules move from low concentration to high concentration.
4. Sodium/Potassium Pump is an example
5. Endo/Exocytosis
6. Facilitated Diffusion
1. Active
2. Bulk
3. Active
4. Active
5, Bulk
6. Passive
6 ATP final change in G = -7
When does fermentation occur, which part of the cell does it occur, and explain what the purpose of fermentation is
When oxygen is not available,, cytoplasm, and regenerate NAD+ to allow for continued glycolysis.
What are three reasons why plants are essential for life
1. Plants produce oxygen
2. Plants absorb excess carbon dioxide which is a greenhouse gas
3. Plants are the bottom of the food chain
What are three pieces of evidence that support the endosymbiotic theory in that both chloroplasts and mitochondria were once free – living prokaryotes.
1. Similar size of bactera, own DNA,, own ribosomes, cell membrane, can preproduce independently
1. Which cellular process occurs in the chloroplast.
2.What are the two functions of the nucleus
1, Photosynthesis
2. Store DNA and the nucleolus
Describe in detail how 34 ATP is produced in the ETC.
1. Electrons stored in both NADH and FADK2 are oxidized and passed to electron carrier proteins.
2. Energy is released as electrons are passed to one carrier to the next
3. Energy that is released moves protons form low conc. (matrix) to high conc. (IMS) creating an electrochemical gradient
4. Protons travel down the electrochemical gradient from IMS to matrix through ATP synthatse releasing energy to convert ADP and P to ATP.
5. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor recieving 2 electrons from the ETC and 2 H+ from the matrix to convert oxygen to water.
Where does glycolysis take place, what is the starting material of glycolysis and what is produced in glycolysis.
cytoplasm, glucose is converted into two pyruvate molecules, 2 ATP, and two NADH molrcules
6400
What are the two starting materials of photosynthesis, and two products of photosynthesis
start with CO2 and H20 and using energy from the sun make glucose and oxygen