PCR etc
This is the purpose of PCR.
Amplify template DNA
The chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water.
Hydrolysis
Elongating inhibitors of DNA polymerase that lack a 3'-OH group
Dideoxynucleotides
All staphylococci would give this result in a gram stain.
Positive
This has to happen to starch before it can cross the cell membrane
Hydrolysis/needs to be broken down
Why can gel electrophoresis be used to separate and analyze DNA?
Shorter molecules travel faster than longer molecules.
This type of agar is used to test a bacteria's ability to hydrolyze triglycerides.
Spirit Blue Agar
Values used to assess the accuracy of each base
Quality Values
A positive result on a Mannitol Salt Agar would look like this.
A color change from red to yellow.
enzymes secreted by the organism to catalyze reactions outside the cell
Extracellular enzymes/exoenzymes
This is why we use 16S rRNA to identify bacteria.
It is present and distinct in all bacteria.
What additional chemical needs to be added to the starch hydrolysis test to see the results?
Iodine
Two reasons to edit sequences
Remove misleading data (messy ends) and improve the quality of read
Agents produced by microorganisms that kill or inhibit other microorganisms.
Antibiotics
Non-chromosomal genetic elements found in bacteria that can be transferred horizontally
Plasmids
What are the five reagents that go in a PCR reaction?
PCR buffer, DNA polymerase, template DNA, dNTPs, Primers
What causes the substrate to change color in a biolog plate?
Redox reaction with Tetrazolium dye; the substrate is oxidized.
These "other letters" can indicate ambiguity in a base at a particular position.
Ambiguous base pairs
Antimicrobial resistance can be acquired from either of these mechanisms
Horizontal gene transfer, chance gene mutation
Four steps in thermal cycling; steps that amplify the DNA
Denaturing, annealing, elongation, final hold
In the process of obtaining DNA for sequencing, this step typically happens between PCR and sequencing; removes excess primers, dNTPs, etc.
PCR Purification
What information do we get from the catalase test?
This site is used to compare sequences to those in a database of sequences.
BLAST
An antibiotic resistant organism will have this result in a Kirby Bauer test.
Small zone of inhibition
Purpose of PCR Purification
Eliminate excess PCR reagents (primers, etc.) or incomplete sequences