Themes of biology/chemistry
What is an emergent property
A characteristic or function that appears only when smaller parts come together to form a more complex system
Ex: a single neuron can't think but billions of interacting neurons form a brain that can produce thoughts
Define electronegativity
measure of how strongly an atom pulls electrons toward itself
Name the four emergent properties of water
cohesion/adhesion, high specific heath, ice floats, solvent ability
What are the parts of an amino acid?
-Amino group
-Carboxyl group
-R group
What are the elements that make up >95% of human body mass?
Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen
How does electronegativity differences create polar bonds?
If two atoms have different electronegativities, electrons shift toward the more electronegative atom, this creates partial charges which leads to polar bonds.
What is the monomer, polymer, and bond of carbohydrates?
Monomer: monosaccharides
Polymer: polysaccharides
Bond: Covalent
What are the levels of protein structure?
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary
Name and describe the types of covalent bonds
Nonpolar covalent bonds: When electrons are shared equally, it occurs when atoms have similar electronegativities.
Polar covalent bonds: Electrons are shared unequally, occurs when atoms have different electronegativities, creates partial charges.
How do polar covalent bonds in water create partial charges?
The electrons are not shared equally, oxygen is partially negative and hydrogen is partially positive.
Polar covalent bonds->unequal electron distribution->Partial charges.
What is the monomer, polymer, and bond of proteins?
Monomer: amino acids
Polymer: polypeptides
Bond: peptide
Name some roles of proteins
enzymes, structure, transport, signaling, receptors, defense/immune, movement, storage, gene regulation
Name and describe the other types of bonds outside of covalent
Ionic bonds: Occurs when one atom donates an electron and another accepts it, creates charged ions.
Hydrogen bonds: Weak, temporary attractions.
Why do differences in electronegativity lead to polar covalent bonds within water molecules?
What is the monomer, polymer, and bond of nucleic acids?
Monomer: nucleotides
Polymer: DNA/RNA
Bond: phosphodiester
Name the biological levels of organization from smallest to largest
molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
How do polar molecules lead to Hydrogen bonds?
Because polar molecules have partial charges, they can attract other partial charges.
What is the only macromolecule that does not have monomers or polymers?
Lipids