Macronutrients
What are the building blocks for
1)Carbohydrates
2)Protein
3)Dietary fats/lipids
1)Monosaccharides
2)Amino acids
3)Triglycerides
True/False: Vitamins typically act as coenzymes for metabolic reactions
True
1 glucose molecule= ___ pyruvate during glycolysis
2 pyruvate
Someone who struggles with maintaining consistent blood glucose levels and must watch their carbohydrate intake most likely suffers from which chronic disease?
Diabetes
What are the AMDR ranges for carbohydrates, fat and protein?
a) C:20-30%; F:6-10%; P:30-50%
b) C:45-65%; F:20-35%; P:10-35%
c) C:30-70%; F:15-30%; P:5-25%
B
What are 4 main categories of carbohydrates and what form do they need to be in to be absorbed?
Mono-, Di-, Oligo-, and Polysaccharides
Carbohydrates must be in a monosaccharide form in order to be absorbed.
What are the 3 vitamins that play a role in the homocysteine-methionine cycle that protects heart function?
Vitamin B6
Folate (vitamin B9)
Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)
What substance is made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder that helps emulsify fats in order to be absorbed?
Bile/bile salts
What primary micronutrient has someone with osteoporosis been deficient in for a long period of time?
Calcium
1) True or False: DRI ranges are specifically for unhealthy individuals within a population.
2) True or False: UL stands for Upper limit and refers to the max amount of a nutrient you can consume before adverse effects become a concern.
3) True or False: RDA for nutrients will meet 97-98% of nutritional needs for the population, so you can use this for individual recommendations.
1) False
2) True
3) True
What are some of the major sources of sugar within the American diet?
1. Sugar sweetened beverages (largest source)
2. Snacks, pastries, cookies
What substance is made within the stomach that is needed for vitamin B12 to be absorbed?
Intrinsic factor
1. What are the primary organs involved in digestion? What about accessory organs?
2. What organs participate in both mechanical and chemical digestion?
1. Mouth (oral cavity), pharynx & esophagus, stomach, small & large intestines; salivary glands, liver, pancreas, gallbladder
2. Mouth (chewing and enzyme activity), stomach (churning and enzyme/acid activity), small intestine (segmentation and enzyme activity)
With celiac disease, what protein is found in wheat, rye, barley, etc. products that causes an autoimmune response from the body when ingested?
Gluten
False; 60-75% comes from our Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR), which is energy that is expended for our basic, internal metabolic functions, such as breathing.
List 2 key differences between soluble and insoluble fiber.
1. soluble=can dissolve in water; insoluble=cannot dissolve in water
2. soluble=digestible by intestinal bacteria; insoluble= cannot be digested/fermented by bacteria
3. food sources for soluble= fruits, berries, oats, beans; food sources for insoluble= whole grains (wheat, barley, rye) and vegetables
4. soluble=helps decrease risk for CVD and type II diabetes; insoluble= promotes regular bowel movements and alleviates constipation
For major minerals, how much is needed per day? How about trace minerals?
Major: >100 mg per day
Trace: <100 mg per day
REDOX; electron-transport chain; ATP
High amounts of sodium can ___ (increase/decrease) blood pressure, which can lead to ____ disease conditions, such as hypertension. The recommended amount daily for individuals is <____ mg (2300,3000).
increase, cardiovascular, 2300
If a person consumes a 2000 kcal diet daily and the person needs 50% of kcals to come from carbohydrates, 25% to comes from protein and 25% to come from fat, what are the total daily amount of grams of each macronutrient should the person have?
1) Carbohydrates: 2000 kcals x 0.5= 1000 kcals / 4 kcals/g= 250 g carbohydrates/day
2) Fat: 2000 kcals x 0.25= 500 kcals / 9 kcals/g= 56 g fat/day
3) Protein: 2000 kcals x 0.25= 500 kcals / 4 kcals/g= 125 g protein/day
For each lipoprotein, name what type of fat and/or macronutrient it is highest in:
1. Chylomicron
2. LDL
3. HDL
1. Chylomicron=Highest in triglycerides
2. LDL=Highest in cholesterol
3. HDL=Highest in protein and lowest in triglycerides and cholesterol
1. What vitamin is in high amounts in pork products?
2. What vitamin is in high amounts particularly in dairy products, especially milk?
3. What vitamin is high in dark, green leafy vegetables mainly?
1. vitamin B1 (thiamin)
2. vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
3. vitamin K
In long-term fasting (ex. starvation), what 2 macronutrients get broken down in the body to provide an alternative energy source for the body to use besides glucose?
Fat (adipose tissue) and protein (muscles); provide ketones and ketogenic acids for energy
Classify the following BMI into their correct categories:
1) 16.7 BMI
2) 23.6 BMI
3) 32.9 BMI
4) 27.0 BMI
1) underweight
2) normal/healthy
3) obese
4) overweight
Use either nutrient, health, or structure-function to fill in the blanks:
1) "low in sodium" is a ___ claim
2) "build stronger bones" is a ___ claim
3) "helps reduce the risk of CVD" is a ___ claim
1) nutrient claim
2) structure-function claim
3) health claim