Macromolecules
What are the four different types of macromolecules, and what are the bonds that keep them together?
Proteins- peptide bonds
Nucleic Acid- Phosphodiester Linkage
Carbohydrate- Glycosidic Linkages
Lipid- C-H and C-C nonpolar bonds
An mRNA sequence is 5'AUGAUGC3'. What is the template and coding strand's sequences?
Template: 3'TACTACG5'
Coding: 5'ATGATGC3'
What are 3 differences between Mitosis and Meiosis?
1. Mitosis-Asexual reproduction; Meiosis- Sexual reproduction
2. Daughter cells haploid after meiosis; diploid after mitosis
3. Daughter cells of meiosis genetically different
4. Meiosis divides homologous chromosomes; mitosis divides sister chromatids; etc.
How do the overall formulas of cellular respiration and photosynthesis relate to each other?
They are the same formula flipped around.
What is the role of SSB protein?
To prevent the separated strands from reattaching together
Give three differences between DNA and RNA.
1. RNA has Uracil
2. RNA has an extra hydroxyl group
3. DNA is less reactive
4. DNA is more stable
What is a proposed solution to the problem that there are 61 codons, but only about 40 tRNAs?
Wobble theory states that a tRNA can bind with multiple codons.
A cell has a diploid number of 42 chromosomes. How many chromosomes does it have after one round of mitosis? After each round of meiosis?
It has 42 chromosomes after mitosis, but 21 chromosomes after each round of meiosis.
What are each of the steps of cellular respiration called and where do they take place?
Glycolysis: cytoplasm
Pyruvate Processing: mitochondrial matrix
Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle: mitochondrial matrix
Electron Transport Chain: Inner mitochondrial membrane
What are the primary, secondary, and tertiary structures of DNA?
Primary- Linear sequence of nucleotides, secondary- double helix, tertiary- packed into chromosomes.
How do saturated and unsaturated lipids affect membrane permeability?
Unsaturated lipids increase permeability due to the C=C double bond. Saturated lipids decrease it.
What occurs in the A, P and E sites?
In the A site, an aminoacyl t-RNA is held, in the P-site the growing peptide chain is attached to the tRNA, and in the E site, the tRNA is preparing to exit the ribosome.
How is MPF activated and deactivated inside a cell?
Cyclin and protein kinase and bound to two phosphates which prevents them from binding to anything else. When mitosis starts, a phosphate is taken off.
What is unique about carotenoids that does not occur in chlorophyll a or b?
They can absorb green light
What is sickle-cell anemia and how does it happen in humans?
A point mutation caused Glu to change into Val in the protein sequence, so the red blood cells are now shaped like sickles and flow much less easily through the body. This can lead to damage to organs and the inability to get enough oxygen.
What are the 5 different parts of an amino acid, and how do they fit together?
A central carbon is connected to a hydrogen, an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), and a unique R group.
How does initiation of transcription differ between bacteria and eukaryotes?
In bacteria, a sigma molecule directs RNA Polymerase to the promoters, the -10 and -35 box. In eukaryotes, the transcription factors bind to the promoter, most often the TATA box.
How does a cleavage furrow form during cytokinesis?
A ring of actin and myosin contracts and pinches the cell membrane
How does CO2 enter a plant cell?
The guard cells relax and open the stomata to allow for gas exchange.
Give an example of a transversion mutation.
Purine-->pyrimidine or pyrimidine-->purine
Example: Thymine to Guanine
A polymer is wanted to create cellulose. What is the specific orientation of the bond that joins the monomers together?
A beta glycosidic linkage
What is the adaptor molecule hypothesis and how does it relate to protein synthesis?
It says that an adaptor molecule (tRNA) holds the amino acids and binds to the mRNA. This means that the amino acids do not directly interact with the mRNA that codes for them.
During mitosis, the spindle fibers are not able to pull the chromatids apart due to a problem at each pole of the cell. What are the two names one could use to describe the structure where the problem is occurring?
Centrosomes or the Microtubules-organizing center (MTOC)
What happens in the Reduction phase of photosynthesis?
ATP and NADPH convert 3-PGA into G3P
What is the difference between a nucleoside and a nucleotide?
A nucleoside has a base and sugar, but no phosphates, and a nucleotide has at least one phosphate group.