Anti-predator Behaviors
Ways to avoid predators include
habitat or time selection, camouflage, remaining quiet
Foraging efficiency is affected by:
Reductions in number of prey as they are consumed Predation risk associated with foraging Competition with other foragers Costs associated with defending a territory Variation among individual foragers
Predation methods are either
sit and wait ambush or active hunting
Movement repeated seasonally to exploit resources or for mating and giving birth in an advantageous environment is
migration
Three main categories of animal play are
locomotor, object, and social play
One example of avoiding a predator using scent is
squirrels putting snakeskin on fur
The marginal value theorem states:
A forager should stay in a given patch until the rate of food intake is equal to the amount it would gain in other patches
Successful experience with a particular prey or food item allows predators to key in on certain features is called
a search image
Two reasons animals disperse are
to avoid inbreeding and subordinate animals driven out by dominant animals
Animals in captivity need to experience play as a form of
enrichment, sometimes physical therapy
Male toadfish silence their boat-whistle mating call when
they hear dolphin clicks
Bird frequency of foraging innovations increases with
increases in forebrain size
Predators becoming prey for other predators is known as
intraguild predation
Mortality rates of dispersing animals typically
increase
Interactive play may help to
develop aggression and hunting skills
Warning aposomatic coloration is exhibited by
monarchs, corals, poison dart frogs, bees, skunks blue ringed octopus
Two foraging innovations exhibited by dolphins include
shelling and mud rings and sponging
A cooperative feeding method used by humpback whales is
bubble net feeding
Breeding synchrony is used by wildebeest to
reduce predation risk
Manipulating inanimate objects helps to
develop manipulative skills for food, prey
Two examples of feigning death are exhibited by
opossums and hognose snake
With respect to risk and foraging, a starving animal will be
less risk averse
Fish predators have been shown to forage in suboptimal habitat because
it provides camouflage
Two types of dispersal that have been exhibited by giraffes include
spatial and social
Social play may help to
develop skills as a hunter, strengthen social bonds, establish dominance later in life