Flesh and Bone
This is the functional unit of skeletal muscle.
Sarcomere
This is the gene located on the Y chromosome responsible for male development.
SRY gene
This is the functional unit of the kidney.
Nephron
What is the major function of the small intestine?
Nutrient absorption
What type of gas exchange is the most efficient? In what organisms would you find this?
Countercurrent gas exchange
Name and describe the 3 types of skeletons.
Endoskeleton (inside), exoskeleton (outside), hydrostatic skeleton (fluid-filled)
Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) does what?
Causes degeneration of the Müllerian ducts; males
What must be true for filtrate to be formed?
The pressure pushing out of the blood vessel must be higher than the external pressure.
GHP > GCOP + CHP
This is the major site of enzymatic digestion. What structure accomplishes this enzymatic digestion?
Duodenum of the small intestine; pancreas
This structure in the lungs is mandatory for gas exchange.
Alveoli
Long bones are formed via this process, while flat bones, such as the skull, are formed via this process.
Endochondral ossification; intramembranous ossification
This structure is where sperm mature and are stored.
Epididymis
The majority of reabsorption happens in this portion of the nephron.
Proximal tubule
The vagus nerve sends signals to the stomach to produce HCl. When does this happen?
During the cephalic and gastric phases of digestion. Cephalic phase --> smell and taste food Gastric phase --> food fills the stomach
Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes what reversible reaction within red blood cells?
CO2 + H2O <--> HCO3- + H+
These two molecules are absolutely necessary for a muscle contraction.
Calcium and ATP
Sterility can be a consequence of the testis not dropping during male development. Why is this the case?
I ate a bag of chips and now feel thirsty. My posterior pituitary releases a hormone that compensates for this thirst. What is it and how does it work?
ADH is released--opens aquaporins in the collecting duct so that H2O is reabsorbed into the blood
Why is there said to be an alkaline tide after eating a meal?
HCO3- and H+ are made in parietal cells. HCO3- is moved into the blood while H+ is moved into the stomach lumen to produce HCl.
If my blood pH decreases, what happens to the oxygen saturation of my blood? What is this effect called?
Oxygen saturation decreases; Bohr Effect
Name the five layers of skin from top to bottom.
Corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale
Name the cells that produce testosterone, and the cells that supply nutrients in the testis.
Leydig cells -- Sertoli cells
Angiotensin-II is a hormone that plays a major role in filtration. Describe the pathway in which it is formed and its effects.
Angiotensinogen --> Angiotensin-I (via renin) --> Angiotensin-II (via ACE)
Angiotensin-II increases blood pressure and blood volume
Mumps is an infection of the parotid gland. How might this impact digestion?
Decreased enzyme secretion in the mouth --> decreased digestion in the mouth, particularly of carbohydrates.
When I am exercising, my blood CO2 levels go up. How does my central nervous system detect this increase in CO2, causing me to breathe heavier?
CO2 crosses the blood-brain barrier, where it gets converted to HCO3- and H+ by carbonic anhydrase. The chemoreceptors in the CNS detect the increased acidity and send signals to the diaphragm and other muscles to increase ventilation.