Renaissance
People
Places and Things Happening in Places
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Things are changing...
100
This created the illusion of a depth of space in a two-dimensional surface, such as a painting or mural.
What is perspective? Linear perspective: a type of perspective used by artists in which the relative size, shape, and position of objects are determined by drawn or imagined lines converging at a point on the horizon. The art of drawing solid objects on a two-dimensional surface so as to give the right impression of their height, width, depth, and position in relation to each other when viewed from a particular point.
100
This person used the new technology of the printing press to write and distribute his "Ninety-Five Theses" in 1517.
Who is Martin Luther? Martin Luther (November 10, 1483 - February 18, 1546) was a Christian theologian and Augustinian monk whose teachings inspired the Protestant Reformation and deeply influenced the doctrines of Protestant and other Christian traditions.
100
This reflected the growth in population and impacted the environment in Hawaii in the 14th century.
What is Hawaiian aquaculture through fishponds? The farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, molluscs and aquatic plants. Aquaculture involves cultivating freshwater and saltwater populations under controlled conditions, and can be contrasted with commercial fishing, which is the harvesting of wild fish. Broadly speaking, finfish and shellfish fisheries can be conceptualized as akin to hunting and gathering while aquaculture is akin to agriculture.
100
This astronomical model theorizes that the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun at the center of the Solar System.
What is Heliocentrism? The word comes from the Greek (ἥλιος helios "sun" and κέντρον kentron "center"). The heliocentric model is a theory that places the Sun as the center of the universe, and the planets orbiting around it. The heliocentric model replaced geocentrism, which is the belief that the Earth is the center of the universe.
100
This machine was/is used to spread ideas in paper form...
What is the printing press?? The printing press was invented in the Holy Roman Empire by Johannes Gutenberg, around 1440. Gutenberg, a goldsmith by profession, devised a hand mould to create metal movable type, and adapted screw presses and other existing technologies, to create a printing system. The mechanization of bookmaking led to the first mass production of books in Europe. A single Renaissance printing press could produce 3,600 pages per workday, compared to about 2,000 by typographic block-printing prevalent in East Asia, and a few by hand-copying.
200
This is a distorted projection or perspective requiring the viewer to use special devices or occupy a specific vantage point to reconstitute the image.
What is Anamorphoses? Anamorphosis is a distorted projection or perspective requiring the viewer to use special devices or occupy a specific vantage point to reconstitute the image.
200
This person was the founder of the Mughal Empire.
Who is Babur? The Mughal Empire was founded by Babur, a Central Asian ruler who was descended from the Turko-Mongol conqueror Timur on his father's side and from Chagatai, the second son of the Mongol ruler Genghis Khan, on his mother's side.
200
During this battle in 1514, Selim I defeated the Safavid Shah Ismail.
What is the Battle of Chaldiran? The Battle of Chaldiran or Chaldoran (Persian: چالدران‎; Turkish: Çaldıran) occurred on 23 August 1514 and ended with a victory for the Ottoman Empire over the Safavid Empire. As a result, the Ottomans gained and laid the immediate foundation for permanent control over eastern Anatolia and northern Iraq despite brief reconquerings over the course of the centuries by the Safavids as well as successive Iranian states. By the Chaldiran war, the Ottomans as well gained temporary control of northwestern Iran. The battle, however, was just the beginning of 41 years of destructive war and merely one of the many phases of the Ottoman-Persian Wars, which only ended in 1555 with the Treaty of Amasya.
200
The capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, ____________ was conquered by the Ottoman Army, under the command Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II on 29th May 1453. With this conquest Ottomans became an Empire and one of the most powerful empires, The Eastern Roman Empire fell and lasted.
What is the Fall of Constantinople?
200
Originally and generally "those who live in the borough," that is to say, the people of the city (including merchants and craftsmen), as opposed to those of rural areas. This group of people began to grow in Europe from the 11th-century and particularly during the Renaissance of the 12th-century.
Who were the bourgeoisie? Bourgeoisie, the social order that is dominated by the middle class: urban-based, mostly commercial, ranging from small-scale business owners to bankers.
300
This dutch Renaissance theologian and philosopher called for a more personal religion, tolerance of diverse beliefs.
Who is Erasmus? Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam was one of Europe's most famous and influential scholars. A man of great intellect who rose from meager beginnings to become one of Europe's greatest thinkers, he defined the humanist movement in Northern Europe. His translation to Greek of the New Testament brought on a theological revolution, and his views on the Reformation tempered its more radical elements.
300
Also known as La Malinche, this woman played an important role in the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, acting as a native informer and translator.
Who is Doňa Maria? Doña Marina was a Nahua woman from the Mexican Gulf Coast, who played a role in the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, acting as an interpreter, advisor, lover, and intermediary for Hernán Cortés. She was one of twenty women slaves given to the Spaniards by the natives of Tabasco in 1519. Later, she became a mistress to Cortés and gave birth to his first son, Martín, who is considered one of the first Mestizos (people of mixed European and indigenous American ancestry). The historical figure of Marina has been intermixed with Aztec legends (such as La Llorona, a woman who weeps for her lost children). Her reputation has been altered over the years according to changing social and political perspectives, especially after the Mexican Revolution, when she was portrayed in dramas, novels, and paintings as an evil or scheming temptress. In Mexico today, La Malinche remains iconically potent. She is understood in various and often conflicting aspects, as the embodiment of treachery, the quintessential victim, or simply as symbolic mother of the new Mexican people. The term malinchista refers to a disloyal countryperson, especially in Mexico.
300
Now the site of modern-day Mexico City, this city was once the capital and religious center of the Aztec Empire ...
What is Tenochtitlan? The capital city of the Aztec empire was Tenochtitlan, now the site of modern-day Mexico City. Built on a series of islets in Lake Texcoco, the city plan was based on a symmetrical layout that was divided into four city sections called campans.
300
This institution for the recruitment of labor, gave the Spanish colonialists, as the settlers, the right to force natives to work.
What is Encomienda? The Encomienda was a grant by the Spanish Crown to a colonist in America conferring the right to demand tribute and forced labor from the Indian inhabitants of an area. In the encomienda, the Spanish crown granted a person a specified number of natives of a specific community, with the indigenous leaders in charge of mobilizing the assessed tribute and labor. In turn, encomenderos were to take responsibility for instruction in the Christian faith, protection from warring tribes and pirates, instruction in the Spanish language and development and maintenance of infrastructure. In return, the natives would give tributes in the form of metals, maize, wheat, pork or any other agricultural product. In the first decade of Spanish presence in the Caribbean, Spaniards divided up the natives, who in some cases were worked relentlessly.
300
This domestic system, called the ____________, served as a way for capitalists and workers to bypass the guild system, which was thought to be cumbersome and inflexible. Workers would work from home, manufacturing individual articles from raw materials, then bring them to a central place of business, such as a marketplace or a larger town, to be assembled and sold.
What is the “Putting-Out System”? Domestic system, also called Putting-out System, production system widespread in 17th-century western Europe in which merchant-employers “put out” materials to rural producers who usually worked in their homes but sometimes laboured in workshops or in turn put out work to others.
400
This "space" housed a collection of various rare objects, natural specimens, "wonders," and art, for the private viewing of the collector that would later evolve into the modern-day museum.
What are curiosity cabinets? Cabinets of curiosities (also known as Kunstkabinett, Kunstkammer, Wunderkammer, Cabinets of Wonder, and wonder-rooms) were encyclopedic collections of objects whose categorical boundaries were, in Renaissance Europe, yet to be defined.
400
This person was a German mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer. A key figure in the 17th century scientific revolution, they are best known for their laws of planetary motion.
Who is Johannes Kepler? (1571 – 1630) A key figure in the 17th century scientific revolution, he is best known for his laws of planetary motion, based on his works Astronomia nova, Harmonices Mundi, and Epitome of Copernican Astronomy. These works also provided one of the foundations for Isaac Newton's theory of universal gravitation.
400
This journey across the Atlantic Ocean in which slaves were transported and treated as "goods" or "cargo," departed Europe for Africa, then moved to the "New World."
What is the Middle Passage? The Middle Passage was the stage of the triangular trade in which millions of Africans were shipped to the New World as part of the Atlantic slave trade. Ships departed Europe for African markets with manufactured goods, which were traded for purchased or kidnapped Africans, who were transported across the Atlantic as slaves; the slaves were then sold or traded for raw materials, which would be transported back to Europe to complete the voyage. Voyages on the Middle Passage were large financial undertakings, generally organized by companies or groups of investors rather than individuals. The "Middle Passage" was considered a time of in-betweenness for those being traded from Africa to America. The close quarters and intentional division of pre-established African communities by the ship crew motivated captive Africans to forge bonds of kinship which then created forced transatlantic communities.
400
This is a label given to a wide variety of Shi'i militant groups that flourished from the late 13th century onwards. For example, the label is given to the Sufi-Muslim brotherhood who helped establish the Safavid Empire in 1501.
Who were the Qizilbash? Qizilbash or Kizilbash (sometimes also Qezelbash or Qazilbash) is the label given to a wide variety of Shi'i militant groups that flourished in Azerbaijan Anatolia and Kurdistan from the late 13th century onwards, some of which contributed to the foundation of the Safavid dynasty of Iran.
400
This movement is the emergence of mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, human anatomy, and chemistry as experimental fields of inquiry.
What is the Scientific Revolution? “Revolution” not used until 1747, Alexis Claude Clairaut (1713-1765)
500
In his book, "Oration on the Dignity of Man," this author suggests that a rational analysis of human action and institutions could lead to a deeper understanding of the spiritual world.
Who is Givovanni Pico della Mirandola? Count Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463 – 1494) was an Italian Renaissance philosopher. He is famed for the events of 1486, when at the age of 23, he proposed to defend 900 theses on religion, philosophy, natural philosophy and magic against all comers, for which he wrote the famous Oration on the Dignity of Man, which has been called the "Manifesto of the Renaissance", and a key text of Renaissance humanism and of what has been called the "Hermetic Reformation". In the Oratio de hominis dignitate (Oration on the Dignity of Man, 1486), Pico justified the importance of the human quest for knowledge within a Neoplatonic framework.
500
Shah Ismail was the founder of this Empire.
What is the Safavid Empire? The Safavid Empire dates from the rule of Shah Ismail (ruled 1501-1524). In 1501, the Safavid Shahs declared independence when the Ottomans outlawed Shi'a Islam in their territory. The Safavid Empire was strengthened by important Shi'a soldiers from the Ottoman army who had fled from persecution
500
________ (literally "collecting" in Turkish), was chiefly the annual practice by which the Ottoman Empire sent military to abduct boys, sons of their Christian subjects in the villages of the Balkans. They were then converted to Islam with the primary objective of selecting and training the ablest children for the military or civil service of the Empire.
What is Devshirme?
500
These _____ states built their power through gunpowder technology; such as the Ottoman Empire, along with the Safavids and Mughals.
What are "gunpowder states"?
500
Written in 1610, this short book was the first published scientific work based on observations made through a telescope, and it contains the results of Galileo's early observations of the imperfect and mountainous Moon, the hundreds of stars that were unable to be seen in either the Milky Way or certain constellations with the naked eye, and the Medicean Stars that appeared to be circling Jupiter.
What is "Starry Messenger"? Also known as: Sidereus Nuncius, Sidereal Messenger, also or Sidereal Message.
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