Chapter 23
Chapter 22
Chapter 21
Chapter 20
Chapter 19
100
Radiometric dating involves which two radioactive isotopes? Which is associated with use for older fossils?
Carbon-14 and uranium-238 (used for older fossils)
100
What are the 5 assumptions of the Hardy Weinberg equation?
no mutations, random mating, no natural selection, large population size, no gene flow
100
What are the 4 main sources of variation within a population?
environmental influences, sexual reproduction, duplication, mutations in DNA
100
True or False: prokaryotes are suspected to have existed sooner than eukaryotes and other multicellular organisms. --if false, correct it
true
100
What is the primary mechanism of evolutionary change?
natural selection
200
What were the two major extinction events that occurred? What were characteristics notable in each?
Permian = killed land plants/animals, destroyed ozone, volcanism releasing CO2, raised temps ocean O2 decreased; Cretaceous = asteroid impact blocked sunlight/altered climate, dinosaurs died, iridium dust cloud
200
Speciation can occur to geography. What are the two specific types of geographically-based speciation? Describe each.
allopatric: same species are separated geographically; sympatric: new species may arise within same geographic area
200
What does it mean for an allele in a gene pool to be "fixed"?
There is only one copy of that allele present.
200
The similarities presented in bone structure between humans, dogs, whales, and primates is studied under what principle?
homology: the similarity in characteristics that result from common ancestry
200
Describe the evolutionary principles that Darwin believed vs. the evolutionary principles that Lamarck believed.
Darwin = evolution via natural selection and descent with modification; Lamarck = use and disuse resulted in evolution, inheritance of acquired characteristics
300
What are the 3 main ways continental drift affected life on earth? Very briefly explain each.
Altered habits (at Pangea - sea level lower/continental interior cold and dry), altered climate (species will adapt, move, or become extinct), allopatric speciation (populations geographically isolated -> no gene flow)
300
Name the five types of prezygotic barriers and provide a brief description of each.
temporal: seasons/time of day; habitat: different niches; behavioral: no attraction between individuals, courtship; mechanical: genitalia differences; gametic: M or F gametes die before fertilization
300
What must occur for a mutation to cause an adaptation?
Must occur in cell lines that produce gametes, must not be harmful, must change amino acid/protein so that a new phenotype is produced, must make an organism better suited to an environment
300
Molecular biology is the comparative analysis between genomic differences of species and amino acid sequences present. This study would be most closely related to which species concept?
phylogenetic species concept
300
True or False: Evolution tends to be goal directed and has the possibility to lead to a perfect species. Once a favorable trait is selected for, it is unlikely to change as an environment may change. -- change if false
False; not goal directed and doesn't lead to perfection, although selection occurs, the selected for traits still have the ability to change based on environmental factors
400
What factors promote adaptive radiations?
Mass extinctions, major evolutionary innovations, the diversification of of another group of organisms (which can provide new sources of food), migration to new locations where few competitor species exist
400
Name the 4 species concepts and the main concept behind each.
morphological: based on phenotypic looks; ecological: based on habitat/niche; biological: based on ability to interbreed and produce fertile offspring; phylogenetic: based on evolutionary lineage (DNA)
400
What is the hardy-Weinberg equation and what does each variable stand for? Be specific.
p^2 + 2pq +q^2 = 1; p^2 is dominant genotype, 2pq is heterozygous genotype, q^2 is recessive genotype
400
Which of the following most closely represents a vestigial organ? a. the femur bone in a rabbit b. the lumbar vertebrae in an aquatic species c. the extension of the cecum (appendix) in humans d. the humerus present in a bat wing
c, consider the other options and how beneficial they would be to those organisms
400
Describe the differences between natural selection and descent with modification.
Natural selection: individuals with certain traits have a better chance of surviving and reproducing Descent with modification: over many generations, a population of organisms build up adaptations to a new environment
500
Why is it likely that Hox genes have played a major role in the evolution of novel morphological forms?
In animal embryos, Hox genes influence the development of structures such as limbs and feeding appendages. Result -> changes in these genes are likely to have major effects on morphology.
500
Two different species of snake mate and produce a viable, fertile offspring that goes on to reproduce with a similar species of snake. The second generation of offspring that are produced are weak and sterile. What kind of reproductive barrier does this represent? Provide barrier and subclass.
postzygotic barrier and hybrid breakdown
500
In a population with two alleles, B and b, B is dominant. The frequency homozygous recessive genotypes is 0.16. What is the frequency of the genotype of the heterozygote if the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
0.48
500
Briefly describe the differences between phylogeny, taxonomy, and systematics.
Phylogeny: evolutionary history of species Taxonomy: naming and classifying organisms Systematics: classifying organism to reconstruct phylogeny
500
Predict whether a fossil of an extinct mammal that lived high in the Andes would more closely resemble present-day mammals that live in South American jungles or present-day mammals that live in high African mountains? Explain.
Fossil would more closely resemble mammals hat live in South American jungle because the fossil species would have most likely colonized the Andes from within South America.
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