Logical Fallacies
This type of fallacy intentionally oversimplifies or exaggerates another argument.
The Strawman Fallacy
This type of logic claim is factual, perfectly well known, and obvious.
Verifiable Observable
What is the difference between a fact and an inference?
A fact is verifiably observable. An inference is falsifiable.
What is the difference between rights and liberties?
Civil Liberties are those rights protected by the constitution and bill of rights, which explicitly prohibiting the government form violating them.
Civil Rights are the actions our government takes to create equal conditions for different classes of American's. These are born from the 14th amendment.
Why was the Supreme Court incapable of enacting true social change following their ruling in Brown v. Board of Education, which found segregation unconstitutional?
The reason they were unable to enact true social change is because they neither create nor execute laws. Segregation didn't become a law until the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
This type of fallacy occurs when a person's subjective confidence in their judgements is reliably greater than the objective accuracy of those judgements.
Fallacy of Overconfidence
This type of claim refers to an attempt to understand a particular event's non-obvious cause.
Historic Event Causality
What, according to Fisher, is the key takeaway of causality?
That is can't be proven!
This collective action problem arises whenever individuals who ultimately would benefit from cooperating with each other also have a powerful and irresistible incentive to break the agreement and exploit the other side
The Prisoners Dilemma
This word was used in the Canes-Wrone (2004) to describe the act of a President assuming popular positions in order to align with the short-term interests of voters.
Pandering
This type of fallacy implies that we cannot draw conclusions because it is just too hard to know anything for sure.
Fallacy of Underconfidence
This type of claim uses causal logic and hypothesis tests as evidence to suggest why there is variation in a particular outcome.
General Predictive Causality (GPC)
Sarah Stewart, who famously discovered that viruses could cause HPV, was largely ignored due to which of the logical fallacies we discussed in class?
Normative beliefs that women couldn't do good science!
These attributes of groups determine the feasibility of collective action.
1.) Size
2.) Enforcement Mechanism
3.) Shared Interest in Outcome
4.) Interpersonal trust, loyalty, etc.
5.) Ideological consistency
What does the theory of Pluralistic Intolerance postulate?
The theory asserts that one of the primary causes of political repression is the focussing of mass intolerance on a specific minority population. Greater focus increases mobilization capability, leading to demands for repression.
This type of fallacy attacks the character of an individual rather than the content of their argument.
Adhominem Fallacy
This claim is associated with an ethical observation that reveals the values of whoever is making the claim.
Normative Claim
What does it mean for a statement to be hidden? How many of these statements have we talked about?
These are inferences, non-obvious arguments and include any argument about something that may be hidden from view, which require an argument and evidence.
We've talked about 5 specifically - normative, GPC, HEC, Text Interpretation, Meaning of Events.
What are "Units" according to our lecture on The Public?
Units are observations that can be placed on a concept scale according to their high or low levels. They can include time, people, or places.
This system os used as a way to separate individuals from others at birth in order to define what one deserves.
Caste System
This type of fallacy involves believing the conclusions of someone in a position of authority despite their lack of expertise.
Authority Fallacy
These claims that attach the meaning of a word or phrase to a set of events or historical era.
Meaning of Events
The pedagogical purpose of that lecture was to show that what causes outcomes we observe has nothing to do with what we wish the world to look like.
What are the 4 categories of causes of political participation according to our lecture on rationality, political participation, and social movements?
1.) Economic causes - Civic duty, high/low costs of voting relative to income.
2.) Sociological - gender, race, class, education, socialization, group consciousness.
3.) Psychological - partisanship, duty, political trust, cynicism.
4.) Institutional/Contextual - party competition, ideological placements of candidates, increased mobilization efforsts.
According to the Red Scare by James Gibson (1988), which groups was actually responsible for the anti-communist push?
The Elites