Endocrine
A patient has low blood glucose after skipping breakfast. Which hormone is primarily responsible for raising blood glucose levels?
Glucagon
Cardiac output is calculated using which equation?
Heart Rate × Stroke Volume
Which cells produce surfactant?
Type II alveolar cells
Where is most filtered water reabsorbed?
Proximal convoluted tubule
Which cells produce antibodies?
Plasma cells
A patient with Addison's disease has low aldosterone levels. Which electrolyte imbalance is expected?
Hyperkalemia
A patient has a heart rate of 90 bpm and a stroke volume of 80 mL. What is the cardiac output?
7.2 L/min
A patient hyperventilates because of anxiety. What happens to blood CO₂?
Decreases
Constriction of the afferent arteriole has what effect on GFR?
Decreases GFR
Which antibody crosses the placenta?
IgG
A patient receives long-term corticosteroid therapy. Which pituitary hormone decreases due to negative feedback?
A. TSH
B. ACTH
C. LH
D. FSH
ACTH
Which event causes the first heart sound ("lub")?
AV valves closing
A patient develops pneumonia. Which process is primarily impaired?
A. Ventilation
B. Internal respiration
C. External respiration
D. Cellular respiration
External respiration
A dehydrated patient has increased ADH secretion. What is the direct effect?
Increased water reabsorption
A patient has a bacterial infection. Which leukocyte increases first?
Neutrophils
Following a carbohydrate-rich meal, insulin promotes all of the following EXCEPT:
A. Glycogenesis
B. Protein synthesis
C. Lipogenesis
D. Glycogenolysis
Glycogenolysis
A patient experiences severe hemorrhage. Which compensatory response occurs FIRST?
A. Increased ANP
B. Increased parasympathetic activity
C. Increased sympathetic stimulation
D. Decreased heart rate
Increased sympathetic stimulation
Which direction does oxygen move during external respiration?
Alveoli → blood
Which hormone directly increases sodium reabsorption in the distal nephron?
Aldosterone
A virus infects body cells. Which cells directly kill infected cells?
A. Helper T cells
B. Cytotoxic T cells
C. Plasma cells
D. B cells
Cytotoxic T cells
A patient has hyperparathyroidism. Which change is expected?
A. Decreased blood calcium
B. Increased bone resorption
C. Increased calcitonin secretion
D. Decreased intestinal calcium absorption
Increased bone resorption
A patient has an obstruction of the left coronary artery. Which structure is MOST at risk for ischemia?
A. Right atrium
B. Left ventricle
C. Superior vena cava
D. Pulmonary trunk
Left ventricle
A patient has emphysema. Which physiological change explains the decreased oxygen exchange?
A. Increased alveolar surface area
B. Decreased diffusion surface area
C. Increased hemoglobin
D. Increased pulmonary ventilation
Decreased diffusion surface area
A patient with chronic kidney disease has decreased erythropoietin production. Which condition develops?
A. Leukocytosis
B. Anemia
C. Polycythemia
D. Thrombocytosis
Anemia
A vaccine stimulates formation of which cells that provide long-term protection?
A. Neutrophils
B. Memory B and T cells
C. Macrophages
D. NK cells
Memory B and T cells