Genetics
Gene
Portion of the DNA molecule that codes for a specific protein
Which is first, Transcription or Translation?
Transcription
Kirby Bauer results are "susceptible". What does this mean for the bacteria?
They are dying, the drug is effective.
This drug effectiveness test uses blood from a patient.
Serum Killing Power Test
Microbial antagonism means out good microbes physically attach the bad ones. True/False
False: there are no physical interactions/"attacks"
Instead, good microbes take up space, food, and make environments bad pathogens don't like.
Transcription makes?
mRNA from DNA
Translation makes?
Amino acid chains (proteins) from mRNA
Transformation?
Random DNA picked up by bacteria causes resistance.
Transduction
Bacteriophages infect bacteria causing resistance.
Portal of Entry example:
Mouth, nose, eyes, wound, any opening to inner cells
4 DNA nucleotides
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)
Thymine (T) [found only in DNA]
Ligase
Joins DNA fragments together
Amphotericin B attacks the cell membrane of fungi and people meaning its selective toxicity is: good or bad?
Bad, if a drug can target human cells and a microbe, it is not selective enough.
Isoniazid only targets Mycobacteria. This makes it what type of drug?
Narrow-Spectrum
Is a seizure a sign or symptom?
Sign, it can be observed by another person like a doctor
Cystic Fibrosis is what type of mutation?
Frameshift
Weakest DNA nucleotide bond?
A to T, only 3 hydrogen bonds broken by helicase
Can you read the Kirby Bauer chart?
I hope so! :P
Causes of antibiotic resistance?
-Over-prescription
-Patient non-compliance
-Usage in farming
-Lack of hospital funding/materials
Beta Hemolysis?
Complete red blood cell destruction, clear/white halos
Rho-Dependent vs Independent
Depend: Rho factor proteins pull mRNA from PRNA polymerase
Independ: hairpins cause RNA polymerase to fall off
mRNA=
tRNA=
rRNA=
m=messenger
t=transfer
r=ribosomal
Vancomycin's mode of action?
Contains a chemical structure called a β-lactam ring, which attaches to enzymes that cross link peptidoglycans
*same as penicillin
Polymyxins' mode of action?
Act as detergents and distort bacterial cell membranes by binding to phospholipids in the membrane
What is an example of a true pathogen?
Covid-19, Ebola, Flu, and other microbes that can cause disease in normal, healthy people.