Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 4
Chapter 7
Bonus
100

Fill in the blank:

In the scientific method, after making an observation about the world, you then form a __________.

BONUS: Correlation does not equal ___________.

Hypothesis/Testable Hypothesis

Hypothesis: Testable prediction about what will happen.

B: Correlation does not equal causation.


100

What is a neuron?

BONUS: How do neurons communicate and what is the advantage of this type of communication?

A cell that transmits information through the nervous system. 

B: Neurons communicate chemically, the advantage of this communication is neuroplasticity.

100

Anything that harms a developing fetus.

BONUS: What is temperament? 

Teratogen 

EX: Stress, cigarettes, alcohol

- Remember timing and intensity is important to how harmful a teratogen is

B: Biological predisposition, infants initial behavioral characteristics 

- Babies don't have a personality yet. We need self-awareness (red dot test) which allows for self-regulation and self-control.

100

What is learning?

BONUS: Learning through imitation of the behaviors of individuals whom one admires – What is the name of this term?

Relatively enduring changes in knowledge and/or behavior resulting from specific experiences.

- A piano falls on my head and now I know how to play the guitar -- is this learning? No.

B: Modeling (Observational Learning)

- Bobo Doll Experiment

100

What does the central nervous system consist of?

BONUS: What does the somatic nervous system do?

Brain: Command Center

Spinal Cord: Relays information to and from the brain 

B: Conscious, voluntary actions, conveys sensory info to the brain

200

What is the definition of psychology?

BONUS: Who founded it?

The scientific study of mental process (mind) and behavior.

B: William Wundt 

200

Identify each lobe and explain what it does. 

BONUS: What are the two non-colored structures at the bottom and what do they do?

Frontal Lobe (Blue): "Executive functions," organization, planning, decision making

Temporal Lobe (Green): Sound

Parietal Lobe (Yellow): Touch

Occipital Lobe (Pink): Vision 

B: Brain Stem - Relays information from the peripheral system, communication from body to brain

Cerebellum: Coordination, balance, movement, posture

200

What are the 3 styles of attachment found in Mary Ainsworth's strange situation experiment?

BONUS: Explain one of the attachment types. 

1. Secure: Upset when mom leaves, happy when she comes back (best)

2. Avoidant: Doesn't care when mom leaves, ignores mom when returns

3. Insecure-Ambivalent: Upset when mom leaves, when mom returns is angry, seeks and reject

200

Your professor gives you the specific dates she will have her four exams during the semester. What partial reinforcement schedule is this?

BONUS: A slot machine is an example of what kind of partial reinforcement schedule? 


Fixed Interval

B: Variable Ratio

________________________________________

Fixed = Specific

Variable = Random, unpredictable

Ratio = Number of responses

Interval = Time

200

Give an example of a primary reinforcer and a secondary reinforcer.


Primary: Essential for survival or reproduction (food, water, sex, air, shelter)

Secondary: Reinforcer that has been associated through conditioning with one or more primary reinforcers (Money, status, reputation, degrees)

300

A descriptive research method used to obtain self-report data about people's experiences, attitudes, or feelings.

BONUS: What is a case study?

Survey

B: A descriptive research method where a researcher gathers detailed, qualitative, information about a single individual. 


300

Inside the peripheral nervous system, what are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system and what does each one do?


Sympathetic: Arouses body to prepare for action, 3 F's (Freeze, Flight, Fight), responds to threats, EX: Heart rate increases, lungs expand, digestion halts, causing your mouth to become dry

Parasympathetic: Returns body to resting-state after arousal (baseline), when we are not stressed

- Autonomic is non-conscious, regulates involuntary activities

300

Give an example of an authoritative parent and are they high or low in warmth and control?

B: What would be the opposite of an authoritative parent?

A parent who explains the reason behind their rules, holds a positive relationship with the child, and takes the child's feelings into account

B: Uninvolved/Neglectful

________________________________________

Authoritative = Clear rules, fair enforcement, a warm environment, and the use of reason rather than force - high warmth, high control

Permissive = Little way of setting boundaries, limits, or rules (Cool/Best Friend Parent) - high warmth, low control

Authoritarian = Strict rules, the expectation of obedience, severe punishment (Dictator/Drill Sergeant Parent) - low warmth, high control

Uninvolved/Neglectful = No affection or presence in life (Absent/Doesn't Care Parent) - low warmth, low control

300

In the Little Albert experiment, they first showed Albert a white rat and he showed no innate response. In classical conditioning, what is this called?

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

- After pairing with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), it becomes the conditioned stimulus (CS)

300

What is the basic anatomy of a neuron? What does each part do?

Dendrites: Receives info

Cell Body: Keeps us alive

Axon: Sends message

Terminal Buttons: Last part of the axon where neurotransmitters are released

400

In a correlational study, when a variable the researcher had not considered is responsible for observed effects in both of the variables of interest.

Third variable problem

400

What are the four structures of the limbic system and what does each do?

Thalamus: "Gate-way" to higher functions of the forebrain, relay station for information such as sensory signals for example

Hypothalamus: Basic drives (hunger, thirst, sleep)

Hippocampus: Memory

Amygdala: Emotions

400

1. What is a schema?

2. What is the assimilation and accommodation of a schema?

Schema: A mental structure/framework or cognitive model that represents some aspect of the world and how it works 

Assimilation: Processing a new experience by fitting it into a preexisting schema

Accommodation: Altering a schema to incorporate new information or experiences 

400

Whenever you go to the eye doctor, you get a little puff of air in your eye and it causes you to blink. Right before this puff of air, you hear a beeping noise. Now, every time you hear that beeping noise, you blink your eye.

In classical conditioning, what would be the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), neutral stimulus (NS), unconditioned response (UCR), conditioned stimulus (CS), and the conditioned response (CR)?

UCS: Puff of air

NS: Beeping noise

UCR: Blinking

CS: Beeping noise

CR: Blinking

________________________________________

UCS = Unlearned, naturally, and automatically triggers a response (Food)

NS = A stimulus that triggers no innate response, the subject has no relationship with at beginning of conditioning (Bell)

UCR = Unlearned response that occurs naturally in response to the unconditioned stimulus (Salivation)

CS = A neutral stimulus that, after being repeatedly presented prior to the unconditioned stimulus, evokes a similar response as the unconditioned stimulus (Bell)

CR = Acquired/conditioned response triggered by the CS, which used to be the NS (Salivation)

400

A homeless man who hasn't eaten in a week goes into a restaurant. When no one is looking he takes a basket of bread and runs off.

In Kohlberg's Moral Development, what would be the moral judgment of this situation from a person in conventional morality?

BONUS: What are the other two types of personal morality and what would be their moral judgments about this situation?

"According to the law, it's illegal to steal and therefore what he did was wrong."

________________________________________

1. Preconventional - Based on the prospect of reward or punishment, blind obedience to authority (Parent told me that was wrong) 

2. Conventional - Based on respect for the law, social norms, rules set by authorities (It's wrong because it's illegal)

3. Postconventional - Based on abstract principles and personal beliefs (It's wrong because it goes against my own personal ethics)

500

A psychologist wants to study if caffeine affects the cognition of students. One group of students consumes 100mg of caffeine and the other group of students drinks water. The psychologist then observes how well they do on a concentration test. 

In the experimental method, what is the independent variable (IV), dependent variable (DV), experimental group (EG), and control group (CG)?

IV: Caffeine 

DV: How well they do on the concentration test

EG: Group of students consuming caffeine

CG: Group of students drinking water

________________________________________

IV = What is being manipulated, what I change

DV = What is being measured, what I observe

EG = Group that receives IV, group the experimenter is messing with

CG = Group that doesn't receive the IV, comparison/baseline group

500

Where are the primary motor, somatosensory, visual, and auditory cortexes? What does each one do?

Primary Motor Cortex (G): Body movements (housed in the frontal lobe)

Primary Somatosensory Cortex (H): Differentiate one object from another by touch, determine the position of objects; pain, temperature, complex senses (housed in the parietal lobe)

Primary Visual Cortex (J): Where we actually see

Primary Auditory Cortex (I): Where we actually hear



500

What are the four stages of Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development and what develops in each stage?

1. Sensorimotor: Develops object permanence [Birth-2]

2. Preoperational: Becomes egocentric, also develops symbolic thought (language) [2-7]

3. Concrete Operational: Develops conservation [7-11]

4. Formal: Develops hypothetical thinking, abstract reasoning (Feather breaks glass) [11+]


500

Biff's parents are upset at him because he is making bad grades in psychology. They find out he hasn't been reading his textbook and they take away his beloved car and cell phone. In operant conditioning, how is Biff being conditioned?

B: Embarassing a student for getting the wrong answer. 

Negative Punishment

Pleasant Stimilus = Car and cell phone

Behavior = Making bad grades

B: Positive Punishment

Aversive Stimulus = Embarassing

Behavior = Wrong Answer

________________________________________

Positive = Addition of stimulus

Negative = Removal of stimulus

Reinforcement = Goal to increase a behavior

Punishment = Goal to decrease a behavior


500

Every day Henry goes to class and his professor and peers criticize him for not reading his textbook. He starts reading his textbook and people stop criticizing him. In operant conditioning, how is Henry being conditioned?

B: Receiving a hug from your parents after throwing a temper tantrum.


1. Negative Reinforcement

Aversive stimulus = Criticism from peers and professor

Behavior = Reading textbook

B: Postive reinforcement

Pleasant stimulus = Hug

Behavior = Temper tantrum

- Negative reinforcement is not the same as punishment

- You are removing a stimulus (negative) to increase a behavior (reinforcement) 

- EX: Putting your seatbelt on (behavior) to get rid of the annoying seatbelt alarm (aversive stimulus)

 

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