Endocrine
Cortisol, ACTH, and testosterone are hormones most consistently secreted at their highest levels at what time of day?
These are most likely to be secreted at higher levels in the morning.
Vagal afferents are an example of what type of airway receptors?
Name 3 PRE-RENAL causes of AKI.
hypovolemia, decreased cardiac output, and medications.
Regulating blood glucose, decreasing inflammation, managing metabolism, and regulating the sleep-wake cycle are all actions of what hormone?
Cortisol
Describe Barrett's Esophagus (1 simple sentence)
Premalignant condition secondary to cellular changes from chronic GERD.
Name 3 counterregulatory hormones to insulin
Glucagon, epinephrine, cortisol, and GH
Alveolar surface tension is a major factor in what process?
Elastic recoil
Kidney stones, tumor, and increased BPH is what type of AKI?
Post-renal
Hypotension and hypokalemia are characteristic of what mineralocorticoid disease?
Conn's syndrome
Adenocarcinoma is most likely found where in the body (be specific)?
Duodenum
What is the name of the cell that takes up iodine from the blood?
Thyroid follicular cell
Central chemoreceptors
Hyperglycemia is most likely to cause what type of salt inbalance?
Hypertonic hyponatremia
Name 4 characteristics of acromegaly
Excessive GH
Large features (hands, feet)
Diabetes
HTN
Sleep apnea
Pituitary tumor
Describe the pyloric pump
The pyloric pump refers to the contractions of the stomach and the relaxation of the pyloric sphincter that moves chyme from stomach to small intestine.
Describe 3 clinical characteristics of hyperthyroidism
Decreased body weight
Increased HR
increased RBC volume
Widening pulse pressure
True or false: Parathyroid hormone stimulates Islets of Langerhans and decreases osteoblastic activity
False.
Parathyroid hormone INCREASES osteoblastic activity and GH stimulates islets of langerhans (and also increases osteoblastic activity)
Name 3 reasons for intrinsic/renal AKI (make sure that one is the MOST COMMON cause)
Acute tubular necrosis (most common)
Immune disorder
Infectious diseases
Ischemia
Inflammation
Toxins
Which cells are responsible for producing testerone and are needed for spermatogenesis?
Leydig cells
________controls gut motility while the _____controls the secretion and blood flow in the GI system.
Auerbach's plexus (Myenteric), Meissner's plexus (submucosal)
Name 3 hormones produced by the anterior pituitary
Hgh
TSH
ACTH
FSH
LH
prolactin
During an asthma attack, what acute-acting mediators are released?
Histamine
leukotrines
prostaglandin's
platelet-activating factor
Name 3 complications of polycystic kidney disease
Hypertension
back/side pain
kidney stones
Hyperinsulinemia and increased LH are characteristic of what disorder?
PCOS
List 4 characteristics of IBD
Diarrhea
abdominal pain
bleeding
weight loss
fatigue
chronic inflammation