Cardiovascular
1. A patient's heart rate is 110 BPM at rest. What is this condition called?
2. A patient's heart rate is 50 BPM at rest. What is this called?
Tachycardia, bradycardia
When monocytes leave the blood, they become __________.
Macrophages
The majority of carbon dioxide in the blood travels...
a. Directly dissolved in plasma
b. Combined with hemoglobin's polypeptide chains as carbaminohemoglobin
c. As bicarbonate ions in the plasma
d. As carbonic acid in the plasma
e. As carboxyhemoglobin
c. As bicarbonate ions in the plasma
Pepsin is an enzyme involved in the breakdown of which of the following, in which organ?
a. Polysaccharides into monosaccharides and disaccharides, in the small intestine
b. Monosaccharides into glucose, in the small intestine
c. Triglycerides into fatty acids, in the stomach
d. Proteins into peptides, in the stomach
e. Proteins and peptides into amino acids, in the small intestine
d. Proteins into peptides, in the stomach
You are in the post-absorptive state whenever you skip meals and during sleep. Which of the following occurs during this state?
a. Glucagon acts upon the liver cells, where it inhibits the synthesis of glycogen and stimulates the breakdown of stored glycogen back into glucose.
b. Insulin is released into the bloodstream, where it initiates the absorption of blood glucose by liver hepatocytes, and by adipose and muscle cells.
c. Insulin stimulates the storage of glucose as glycogen in the liver and muscle cells where it can be used for later energy needs of the body.
d. Excess calories beyond immediate energy needs are converted into triglycerides and stored in adipose tissue
a. Glucagon acts upon the liver cells, where it inhibits the synthesis of glycogen and stimulates the breakdown of stored glycogen back into glucose.
Parasympathetic impulses are sent via the ________ nerve to inhibit the SA and AV node.
Vagus
Which of the following can act as opsonins to enhance phagocytosis for immune cells?
a. Interleukins
b. Interferons
c. Major histocompatibility complex
d. Complement
d. Complement
Parasympathetic stimulation leads to bronchodilation, while sympathetic stimulation leads to bronchoconstriction. True or false?
False
Which term would be used to describe the synthesis of a cellular protein?
a. Hydrolysis
b. Metabolism
c. Anabolism
d. Catabolism
c. Anabolism
Which hormone stimulates bone deposition?
Calcitonin
Which of the following will result in an increase in cardiac output?
A. Acetylcholine opening voltage-gated channels in pacemaker cells
B. An increase in venous return
C. Lower end-systolic volume (ESV)
D. Calcium channel blockers
B. An increase in venous return
Which of the following is NOT true of B cells?
a. They can differentiate into memory cells, which contribute to natural active immunity, and plasma cells, which contribute to humoral immunity
b. They do not have phagocytic abilities, but rather take up foreign antigens via receptor-mediated endocytosis to present to other immune cells
c. They kill extracellular pathogens via apoptosis, making them the main players of humoral immunity
d. They can be activated independently of T cells
e. They are activated by a three-signal process, including the secretion of co-stimulatory molecules
c. They kill extracellular pathogens via apoptosis, making them the main players of humoral immunity
What is the function of type II alveolar cells?
Secrete surfactant
Which of the following is not absorbed by the human body?
a. Amino acids
b. Simple sugars
c. Lipids
d. Cellulose
d. Cellulose
Which of the following is an anabolic process used mostly by hepatocytes and skeletal muscle to store excess glucose?
a. Gluconeogenesis
b. Glycolysis
c. Glycogenesis
d. Glycogenolysis
e. Beta oxidation
c. Glycogenesis
Which of the following is CORRECT regarding the regulation of blood pressure?
a. Atrial natriuretic peptide is the only hormone that can increase blood pressure
b. Beta-blockers are drugs used to treat hypertension and work by antagonistically binding to acetylcholine receptors on the heart
c. Epinephrine can increase blood volume, as part of a long-term mechanism of blood pressure control
d. Aldosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide work as agonists to perform the same function, but in different ways
e. The kidneys play a role in modifying blood pressure by increasing or decreasing urine output
e. The kidneys play a role in modifying blood pressure by increasing or decreasing urine output
What is the name of the most abundant antibody that can cross the placenta, allowing for passive immunity to transfer from the mother to the fetus?
a. IgM
b. IgA
c. IgD
d. IgG
e. IgE
d. IgG
Which gas law describes the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas?
Boyle's law
Digestion breaks carbohydrates into _____________, proteins into _____________, and lipids into ___________ and ____________.
Carbohydrates: monosaccharides (simple sugars; glucose, fructose, galactose)
Proteins: Amino acids
Lipids: fatty acids and glycerol
Erythropoietin, the hormone responsible for stimulating the production of red blood cells is mostly secreted by...
Kidneys
Which of the following is incorrect regarding the coagulation cascade?
a. The intrinsic pathway and extrinsic pathway merge to form factor X, beginning the common pathway
b. The final step is to break down the clot, which is accomplished by the activation of plasminogen into plasmin
c. In the common pathway, fibrinogen is transformed into fibrin, which is the mesh framework of the clot
d. A shorter prothrombin time (PT) test could potentially indicate a deficiency in Vitamin K
e. The extrinsic pathway begins with tissue factor (factor III)
d. A shorter prothrombin time (PT) test could potentially indicate a deficiency in Vitamin K
Natural killer cells are advantageous to the immune system because
a. They produce antibodies to neutralize pathogens
b. They recognize general abnormalities in cells that T cells do not look for
c. They enhance the activity of B cells and T cells through cytokine production.
d. They are the primary cells responsible for phagocytizing bacteria
b. They recognize general abnormalities in cells that T cells do not look for
The total amount of air that can be inhaled and then exhaled with maximum effort is termed
vital capacity
Which of the following is not a function of the liver?
a. Storage of glucose as glucagon
b. Synthesizes cholesterol
c. Filters and breaks down harmful substances
d. Synthesizes albumin and clotting factors
e. Stores vitamins
a. Storage of glucose as glucagon
A 70-year-old patient with a severe intestinal infection develops hypotension. Shortly afterward, his urine output drops, his breathing rate increases, and labs show a low pH and low bicarbonate.
Which sequence best explains these changes?
a. Hematuria → respiratory acidosis → hypoventilation
b. Oligouria → metabolic acidosis → hyperventilation
b. Incontinence → metabolic acidosis → hypoventilation
c. Oligouria → metabolic alkalosis → hypoventilation
d. Polyuria → metabolic alkalosis → hyperventilation
e. Dysuria → respiratory acidosis → hyperventilation
b. Oligouria → metabolic acidosis → hyperventilation
Due to low blood pressure, there is reduced blood flow to the kidneys. The kidneys decrease urine output, a condition known as oligouria → metabolic wastes build up, resulting in metabolic acidosis → the respiratory rate increases.