Unit 1
Blood clotting is an example of which feedback loop?
positive
What is the functional unit of a muscle cell?
sarcomere
Parasympathetic NS
What is agglutination?
antibody cross-links cells forming a clump
During resting membrane potential, which ions are where?
Na+ outside
K+ inside
Name at least 3 of the most common ions in the human body.
Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+, P, HCO3-
Explain saltatory conduction.
propagation down a myelinated axon
Which neurotransmitter is released by preganglionic fibers in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
Acetylcholine
Identify and contrast the two types of T cells.
helper: CD4+, Th cells, coordinators, only bind to MHC II molecules
cytotoxic: CD8+, Tc cells, release chemicals to destroy other cells, bind to MHC I
List and describe each macromolecule.
Protein: catalysts, defense, transport, support, regulation, storage, amino acids
Lipids: fatty and hydrophobic, glycerol and fatty acids
Nucleic acid: store and transfer genetic info, nucleotides
Carbohydrates: energy, monosaccharides
What would the fate of a cell suspended in a hypotonic solution be?
the cell would lyse
What is responsible for depolarization of a muscle cell?
Influx of Na+ ions into the cell
Describe the path of light through the eye. What type of receptors are found in the eyes?
Cornea, through pupil, hit lens, focus onto retina, through vitreous humor, reach retina, optic nerve, visual cortex.
List the four functions of the respiratory system.
conduct air
exchange of gases
olfaction
vocalization
Contrast pulmonary ventilation and alveolar gas exchange.
Pulmonary ventilation: breathing air in and out of lungs
Alveolar gas exchange: exchange of gases between alveoli and blood
Contrast the blood supplies of dense regular vs dense irregular connective tissue.
Dense regular: limited blood supply
Dense irregular: extensive blood supply
Name and describe at least 3 glial cells.
Astrocytes: CNS, form BBB, neural repair
Oligodendrocytes: form myelin sheaths in CNS
Ependymal cells: line ventricles and central canal
Schwann cells: myelin sheath in PNS
Satellite Cells: insulates cell bodies, regulate nutrient and waste exchange (PNS)
Differentiate between the 3 types of hormones. Indicate whether they're water or lipid soluble and some examples of each.
Steroids: lipid-soluble, estrogen and testosterone
Biogenic Amines: water-soluble, NE, E, thyroid hormone, melatonin
Proteins: water-soluble, ADH, insulin, glucagon, GH
Describe the function of the liver and how the gallbladder plays a role.
Produces bile which emulsifies fat, gallbladder stores and concentrates bile
Describe the functions of each section of the small intestine.
duodenum: mix enzymes, juice
jejunum: digestion
ileum: absorption
Which hormone is responsible for increasing Calcium in the blood by directing osteoclasts to digest bone and release Ca2+?
Parathyroid Hormone
Differentiate between gray and white matter in both PNS and CNS. Include the makeup and distribution within the CNS.
Gray matter: nerve cell bodies (nuclei) in CNS and ganglion in PNS, unmyelinated. Deep in spinal cord, superficial in brain.
White matter: axons are myelinated, contain few soma, are called tracts. Superficial in spinal cord, deep in brain.
Explain who can donate blood to whom and why.
A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, AB-, O+, O-
A+: A+, AB+
A-: A-, AB-, AB+
B+: B+, AB+
B-: B-, AB-, AB+
AB+: AB+
AB-: AB+, AB-
O+: O+, AB+, A+, B+
O-: A+, A-, B-, B+, AB+, AB-, O+, O-
What are the four functions of the nephron and where do each take place?
Filtration: glomerulus
reabsorption: before loop of Henle
secretion: proximal tubule
extretion: collecting ducts
Systolic pressure measures the pressure in the blood vessels when the heart contracts, and provides information about the health of the heart muscles
Diastolic pressure measures the pressure in the blood vessels when the heart is relaxed, and provides information about arterial health.