09: The Somatosensory System: Touch and Proprioception
Receptors at the interface of muscle and tendon that provide mechanosensory information to the central nervous system about muscle tension
Golgi tendon organs
The base of this ossicle is in contact with the oval window
The stapes
The pallidum consists of the ______ and the ______. They are the main _____ zone of the basal ganglia.
globus pallidus; substantia nigra pars reticulata; output
The largest subdivision in the human cerebellum
The cerebrocerebellum
_____ cells project to the deep cerebellar nuclei and comprise the only _____ cells of the cerebellar cortex. These cells are ____ergic so the output of the cerebellar cortex is _____
Purkinje; output; GABA; inhibitory
Highly specialized mechanosensory organs found in most skeletal muscles; provide proprioceptive information about muscle length
Muscle spindles
The fibrous sheet overlying the apical surface of the cochlear hair cells; produces a shearing motion of the stereocilia when the basilar membrane is displaced
Tectorial membrane
The striatum consists of the _____ and the _____. They are the main _____ zone of the basal ganglia.
caudate; putamen; input
The _____cerebellum contains the ____ulus and the ____ulus
vestibulo; flocc; nod
The true force-producing fibres of skeletal muscles
Extrafusal fibres
An inability to discriminate the size or shape of objects will result from damage to which Brodmann's area
Area 2
The actin-rich processes that, along with the kinocilium, form the hair bundle extending from the apical surface of the hair cell; site of mechanotransduction
Stereocilia
______ disease is characterised by ____kinetic movements and is caused by the degeneration of neurons in the _________
Parkinson's; hypo; substantia nigra pars compacta
A primary function of the cerebellum is to detect the difference, or "______," between an _____ movement and the _____ movement, and through its influence over ____ motor neurons, to reduce the error.
motor error; intended; actual; upper
Paired hillocks on the dorsal surface of the midbrain that are concerned with auditory processing
Inferior colliculi
Neurons in Brodmann's Area 3a respond mainly to stimulation of this type of receptor
Proprioceptors
The _____ superior olive computes interaural ____ differences to localise the source of sounds with a frequency _____ 3kHz
medial; time; below
______ disease is characterised by _____kinetic movements and is caused by degeneration of _______ neurons that project to the ______ segment of the ______
Huntington's; hyper; medium spiny; external; globus pallidus
The three large pathways that connect the cerebellum to other parts of the nervous system
inferior, middle, and superior cerebellar peduncles
A nucleus in the ventral thalamus that receives input from the cerebral cortex and external segment of the globus pallidus and sends excitatory (glutamatergic) projections to the internal segment of the globus pallidus. A component of the indirect pathway from striatum to pallidum.
Subthalamic nucleus
Damage to this Brodmann's area may result in an inability to use tactile information to discriminate the size and shape of objects
Area 2
The _____ superior olive computes interaural _____ differences to localise the source of sounds with an intensity _____ 3kHz
lateral; intensity; above
The basal ganglia facilitate the _____ of motor programs that express movement and the _____ of competing or non-synergistic motor programs that would otherwise interfere with the expression of sensory-driven or goal-directed behaviour
initiation; suppression;
The _____ is by far the source of the largest input to the cerebellum, and the major destination of this input is the _____cerebellum
cerebral cortex; cerebro