Constructions / Training and Acquisition
A linguistic pairing of form and function
A construction
When snippets of music replay in your mind on a loop, especially during low attentional states, this is known as an earworm or _______
Name one of the three types of evidence we discussed that provide evidence for similarities/differences in the processing of speech and music.
Disassociations between speech and music processing
Transfer effects
Hemispheric asymmetries (neuroimaging)
The reliable and involuntary stimulation of activity in a sensory pathway by stimuli from a different sensory modality.
Synesthesia
Three medical diagnoses for which music has been successfully used to treat/alleviate symptoms.
Parkinson's (can help with speech and mobility)
Stuttering
Aphasia (from brain injury, stroke, etc.)
Depression
Anxiety Disorders
Dementia
This branch of music theory considers how form and function pairings in music can take on extramusical meanings and associations.
Topic Theory and/or Schema Theory
T/F: Musical training often shows correlation with greater cross-domain benefits when participants have greater motivation (or they find the task more rewarding).
True: Although much research in this area neglects measures of emotionality and reward, it appears that motivation (possibly driven by the reward system) is an important component in activating neural plasticity
EEG
A condition that causes difficulty in processing fine-grained pitch and/or rhythm relationships.
Amusia
Neurotransmitter that appears to be related to both stuttering and Parkinson's
Dopamine
T/F: Newborn infants can distinguish between the speech patterns of familiar versus unfamiliar languages
True
Three factors that could make a song "catchy" or "sticky":
Repetition
Lyrics
Pairing with a social context
Participatory elements (such as a dance or clapping along)
A "twist"
The ability of the nervous system to change its activity patterns in response to intrinsic or extrinsic stimuli by reorganizing its structure, functions, or connections.
Neuroplasticity
T/F: People with relative pitch have no neural representations or memory for specific frequencies.
False: most people have neural representations of specific frequencies but are unable to (consciously/intentionally) access them, however in some cases this information may be implicitly available (implicit AP)
A type of therapy used to help people with nonfluent aphasia regain conversation skills
Melodic Intonation Therapy
This manner of speaking emphasizes musical attributes of speech that can facilitate language processing for babies (and also possibly for adults)
Infant Directed Speech (IDS) - these features include shorter/simpler sentences, slower rate, more variable/exaggerated prosody, more repetition
T/F: One underlying assumption of the OPERA hypothesis is that music and speech have comparable cognitive demands.
False: One underlying assumption of the OPERA hypothesis is that music has greater cognitive demands than speech.
Right Hemisphere
People with this condition do not derive pleasure or experience reward from music.
Music Anhedonia
Neurologic rehabilitation technique in which music facilitates improved control of movements that are intrinsically rhythmic, such as gait
Rhythmic Auditory Stimulation
Constructions exist in both language and music. Give two specific examples in each domain.
Linguistics constructions could include: double object, dative, #-th, x is the new ___, etc.
Musical topics could include: flying/soaring, hero, winter, underwater, impending threat, etc.
In a behavioral (not neuroimaging) lab setting, what are 3 ways a researcher could implicitly measure a participant's emotional reaction to music?
Reaction times
Facial muscles
Skin conductance
Heart rate
Motion capture
Pupil dilation
Three elements of the "OPERA" hypothesis, with a brief explanation of how these elements relate to the hypothesis.
Overlap
Precision (sensory encoding of acoustic features)
Emotion
Repetition
Attention
Two possible underlying factors, discussed in the lecture, that may contribute toward language difficulties (and other differences in processing) for people with ASD.
Generalization
Prediction
T/F: It is proven that playing music in a NICU is causally linked to positive outcomes in infants
False: this is correlated (studies show more positive outcomes when music is played), but the causal mechanisms are still very unclear