Chemistry & Intro to Micro
The breakdown of a polymer with the addition of water.
What is Hydrolysis?
Sum total of genetic material of a cell.
Mitochondria and chloroplast are the best evidence of this theory?
What is Endosymbiosis theory
Importance of enzymes
Lowers activation energy and therefore increase rate of rx
Microbes trapped and are transported away from the lungs
Three examples of biotechnology
Cause disease when host defenses are compromised or when they grow in part of body that is not natural to them.
What is an opportunistic pathogen?
Two types of a glycocalyx
What is a slime layer and a Capsule?
Name example relationships for mutualism, commensalism, & parasitism
Mutualism: both benefit. E coli in gut
Commensalism: one benefits and other isn't affected. Bacteria in eye
Parasitism: parasite benefits and host harmed. Pathogens
2 features that characterize adaptive immunity
What is specificity and memory?
Triglycerides, phospholipid and steroids are all lipids. What are each of their functions?
Triglycerides- energy storage
Phospholipid- cell membrane component
Steroids- cell membrane component
4 factors causing disease
What is virulence factors, exoenzymes, toxigenicity, and antiphagocytic factors?
Two ways that fungal reproduction happens asexually
What is budding or mitosis?
Draw and explain isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic solutions.
Isotonic: Equal conc. Diffusion is equal in both directions.
Hypotonic: Conc. greater in cell. Water goes into cell and it swells.
Hypertonic: Conc. greater in outer solution. Water leaves cell causing crenation.
3 advantages of a fever
Inhibit multiplication of temp sensitive microorganisms.
Impede nutrition of bacteria reducing available iron.
Increases metabolism and stimulates immune rx and protective physiological processes.
Observed mothers of home births had fewer infections than those who gave birth in hospitals.
Who is Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes?
4 distinct stages of clinical infections
What is Incubation period, prodromal stage, period of invasion, & convalescent period?
2 phase life cycle of endospores
What is sporulation and germination?
Compare and contrast competitive inhibitor and noncompetitive inhibitor on what they are and where they bind to.
Competitive: resembles normal substrate competes with substrate for active site
Noncompetitive: enzyme regulated by binding of molecules other than substrate on active site. Bind on allosteric site.
CD4 & CD8 Fx and what they bind to
CD4: regulate immune response and bind to MHC class 2 molecule
CD8: destroy foreign or abnormal cells and bind to MHC class 1 molecule
Steps of Koch's postulates
Microorganism isolated from dead/diseased animal. Grown in pure culture. Injected into healthy host. Disease is reproduced in animal and microorganism is isolated from this animal. The microorganism is grown in pure culture.
The steps of DNA replication and the enzymes at each step.
Helicase unwinds and unzips DNA. RNA primer synthesized at origin.
DNA polymerase 3 adds nucleotides in 5 to 3 direction. DNA polymerase 1 replaces them with DNA.
When replication fork meet, ligases link the DNA.
Main differences btw Gram + and - cell wall
+: thick peptidoglycan, teichoic acids, penicillin sensitive
-: Thin peptidoglycan, endotoxins, tetracycline sensitive
3 ways ATP can be formed
What is substrate level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation, and photophosphorylation?
5 class immunoglobulins and main fx
IgG- Phagocytosis, neutralize toxin/virus, protect fetus and newborn
IgM- agglutinates microbes
IgA- Mucosal protection
IgD- innate immune response with B cells
IgE- Allergic rx, lysis of parasitic worms