Transcription
In what direction is mRNA transcribed?
5' to 3'
(What direction is the DNA template strand read?)
What is the central dogma
DNA --> RNA --> Protein
One codon is how many amino acids?
One
What is a single base nucleotide mutation called?
Point mutation
Where does transcription occur in Prokaryotes and in Eukaryotes?
Pro: Nucleoid Region in the Cytoplasm
Euk: Nucleus
What is the term for regions that are spliced out during RNA processing?
Introns
Where is the anticodon located for a codon?
On the bottom of a tRNA molecule
What is the only mutation that does not change the function of a protein
Silent Mutation
What is the promoter sequence that is found in all eukaryotes?
TATA box
What gets added to the 5' and 3' end during RNA processing?
5' - Guanine Cap
3' - Poly A Tail
In which site of the ribosome are amino acids added to extend the polypeptide chain?
P site
If the original mRNA sequence was:
5' UUC AUA UGU GGU 3'
And the new sequence is:
5' UUC AUA UGG GGU 3'
What mutation has occurred?
Missense Mutation
Describe the difference between prokaryotic (bacteria) and eukaryotic termination in transcription.
In prokaryotes, the RNA polymerase just stops after the terminator sequence and simply falls off the DNA template.
In eukaryotes, the terminator sequence AAUAAA is transcribed. Proteins then bind to this sequence and cut the pre-mRNA. RNA pol then stops transcribing shortly after this.
This term describes the alternative splicing and rearrangement of exons during processing.
Exon Shuffling
What is coupling? Which organisms can do this?
The process of both transcription and translation occurring at the same time. Only prokaryotes can do this because they do not have a nucleus blocking the two processes.
What are the two ways mutations can arise?
Spontaneously and via Mutagens (radiation or chemicals)
What are the three phases of transcription? What defines each phase? When does one start and the other end?
Initiation, Elongation, Termination
Initiation starts when RNA polymerase binds to the promoter sequence, Elongation begins when the first RNA nucleotides are added. Termination occurs after the last nucleotide is added and the RNA polymerase falls off the DNA template.
What are small RNAs that can recognize splicing sites and catalyze the splicing reaction?
ribozymes
Describe what wobble means?
Flexibility in the 3rd base pairing in a codon
If the DNA sequence is normally this:
3' TTT TTC TCC TGC 5'
If the seqeunce is mutated to:
3' TTT ATC TCC TGC 5'
What mutation has occured?