Innate Immunity
Composed of physical, chemical, and biological barriers that function together to prevent infectious agents from entering the body.
This MHC molecule contains one alpha chain and one beta 2-microglobulin.
What is a class I MHC molecule?
Differentiation of these cells takes place in the thymus cortex and over a 3 week period (gene rearrangement) migrate into the thymic medulla.
What are T cells?
The region of serum protein electrophoresis where immunoglobulins (slowest migrating protein) migrate.
What is the gamma region?
TNF-alpha, IL-1, IL-6, and IFN-gamma.
What are proinflammatory cytokines?
This activates the lectin pathway of complement?
What is mannose-binding lectin (MBL)?
The immune mechanism for this type of reaction is the release of mediators from IgE-sensitized mast cells and basophils.
What is a type I hypersensitivity reaction?
Found on phagocytic cells, these receptors are able to distinguish pathogens from normally present molecules in the body.
What are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)?
Found on all nucleated cells, regions A, B, and C of chromosome 6 code for these?
What are class I MHC molecules?
Pro, Pre, immature, mature, and plasma cell.
What are the stages of B cell differentiation?
Two larger heavy chains and two smaller light chains held together by disulfide bonds and other forces.
What is the general structure of an antibody?
TGF-beta, IL-10, IL-13, and IL-35.
What are anti-inflammatory cytokines?
This protein, found in the alternative pathway of complement, stabilizes the C3 convertase (C3bBb) and therefore extending its half-life.
What is properdin?
The immune mechanism for this reaction is antibody-soluble antigen complexes activate complement proteins. Neutrophils are recruited and release lysosomal enzymes that cause tissue damage.
What is a type III hypersensitivity reaction?
Recognized by PRRs, these are found only in microorganisms. They help distinguish self from non-self.
What are pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)?
Presents exogenous antigen to CD4+ T cells.
What are class II MHC molecules?
This causes a mature B cell to activate and proliferate into a plasma cell.
What is antigenic stimulation?
This is variation in antibodies that are within the variable regions.
What is an idiotype?
This cytokine activity is the most important innate defense mechanism against viral infections.
What are Type I interferons?
This protein inhibits complement by dissociating C1r and C1s from C1q. Can also cause a disease called Hereditary angioedema.
What is C1 inhibitor?
The immune mechanism for this type of reaction is antigen sensitized Th1 cells release cytokines that recruit macrophages and induce inflammation or activate Tc cells to cause direct cell damage.
What is a type IV hypersensitivity reaction?
These receptors are strategically located on and in dendritic cells, macrophages, and monocytes and each one recognizes a different microbial product. Once these bind to their corresponding substance, immune host responses are initialized.
What are Toll-like receptors (TLRs)?
Presents endogenous antigen to CD8+ T cells.
What are class I MHC molecules?
This is composed of two protein chains: an alpha and a beta chain. They help recognize peptide antigen presented by MHC molecules
What is a T cell receptor (TCR)?
These two light chain classes are found in all immunoglobulin classes, however, only one type is on each individual antibody at a time.
What are kappa and lambda?
The main function is to establish a concentration gradient to guide cell movement?
What are chemokines?
This is a cofactor for with Factor I. This results in cleavage of C3b into an enzymatically deactivated iC3b.
What is Factor H?
The immune mechanism for this reaction is cell destruction is caused by antibody to bound antigen and complement, opsonization, or ADCC. Cell function can be inhibited or stimulated by antibody binding.
What is a type II hypersensitivity reaction?
Chemical mediators are released which increases blood flow to the area. Increased capillary permeability allows fluids to leak into the tissues. Migration of WBCs to the surrounding tissue through diapedesis. WBCs follow chemokines via chemotaxis to the site of infection.
What are the steps of inflammation?
This is required during the production of class II MHC molecules to prevent endogenous peptides within the endoplasmic reticulum from binding to the class II peptide-binding grove.
What is an invariant chain?
This is the purpose of negative selection (peripheral tolerance) in the immature B cell stage.
The theory that lymphocytes are preprogrammed to respond to a particular type of antigen.
What is the clonal selection theory?
Refers to one cytokine that has many different actions and can act on several different cells.
What is pleiotropy?
CH50 is an assay to detect components C1-C9 of the classical pathway. This assay is used to detect the multiple components of the alternative pathway.
What is AH50?
A test that detects RBCs that were sensitized with antibodies or complement in the body (in vivo) vs. a test that detects antibodies in patient's plasma.
What is a direct antiglobulin test vs. an indirect antiglobulin test?