Chapter 11 - Skeletal Muscles
The _________ is a thick layer of connective tissue on the lateral portion of the leg, while the ______ is a long muscle on the medial portion of the leg.
These muscles surround the hamstrings.
Iliotibial (IT) Tract
Gracilis
Urinary Bladder
Mechanical
Chemical
Gastric Glands are located within Gastric Pits within the Stomach. _______ cells secrete HCl, and ________ cells secrete _________.
Parietal Cells
Chief Cells & Pepsinogen
These two accessory organs are involved in creating, storing, and secreting bile into the small intestine.
Gallbladder & Liver
Name the 3 muscles of the hamstring, from lateral to medial.
Biceps femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus.
Detrusor Muscle
What are the two major functions of blood vessels that serve the Digestive System?
Transport Nutrients that have been absorbed.
Supply organs with processed nutrients and oxygen.
As the pyloric sphincter begins to relax, it will allow for the movement of ______ into the proximal region of the small intestine, called the _______.
2 things will happen as chyme moves into the small intestine: Small Intestinal Cells will release ______, promoting the stomach to produce more gastric juice. Also, ______ receptors will be stimulated to control the rate of Gastric _______.
Chyme, Duodenum
Gastrin, Stretch Receptors, Gastric Emptying.
Pancreatic Juice contains enzymes that digest carbohydrates, dietary fats, and proteins. What are they?
Pancreatic Lipase (Dietary Fats)
Trypsin & Chymotrypsin (Proteins)
Name the 3 muscles of the quadriceps, from lateral to medial.
Vastus lateralis, Rectus femoris, Vastus medialis.
The Urinary Bladder wall consists of 3 primary layers. What are they?
Inner Mucous Coat
Detrusor Muscle
Outer Serous Coat
What are the 3 subdivisions of the Pharynx?
Nasopharynx - Connects to Nasal Cavity
Oropharynx - Connects to Oral Cavity
Laryngopharynx - Connects to Respiratory Tract.
What are the 4 tissue layers that are generally conserved throughout the GI Tract? What are their subdivisions within each layer?
Mucosa: Epithelium, Lamina Propria, Muscularis Mucosae
Submucosa
Muscularis: Circular & Longitudinal Muscle
Serosa: Connective Tissue & Epithelium.
_______ hormone is secreted by intestinal mucosal cells when chyme that contains proteins and/or fats enters the duodenum.
CCK
Name the orb shaped muscles surrounding the mouth and the eye.
Orbicularis oculi
Orbicularis iris
What are the two sphincters that must relax to allow for urine to move from the Urinary Bladder and into the urethra? Define if each sphincter is voluntarily or involuntarily controlled.
Internal Urethral Sphincter (involuntary)
External Urethral Sphincter (voluntary)
In the swallowing mechanism, the process of _________ involuntarily moves the bolus down the esophagus. There, the ___________ sphincter will relax to allow the bolus to move into the stomach.
Peristalsis
Lower Esophageal Sphincter
The mucosal barrier of the stomach protects itself from acidic gastric juices. What are the 3 components of the mucosal barrier & their function?
1. Mucous Coat - Goblet Cells in the stomach's epithelium produces mucous that neutralizes stomach acids.
2. Epithelial Cell Tight Junctions: Block Gastric Juices from penetrating deep tissue layers.
3. Epithelial Cell Replacement: Epithelial cells are sloughed off into chyme and replaced continuously to reduce permeability of the epithelial barrier.
Both Pancreatic Juice and Bile are secreted into the Duodenum through the ___________ sphincter. The bile duct can be obstructed by _______. This can lead to health complications of the pancreas and the gallbladder, such as ___________ and ___________.
Hepatopancreatic Sphincter
Gallstones
Pancreatitis & Obstructive Jaundice.
Inferior to the deltoid are 3 major muscles of the upper arm. Two of them are antagonists to each other, and the third sits in between them. What are they?
Biceps Brachii
Triceps Brachii
Brachialis
List the 3 major UTIs and what part of the Urinary System they infect.
Urethritis: Urethra.
Cystitis: Urinary Bladder.
Ureteritis: Ureters.
In Stage 2 of the Swallowing Mechanism, the _____ & the ______ rise to block the entrance to the nasal cavity. Additionally, the _______ blocks the entrance to the Larynx and Trachea. Contraction of ______________ push the bolus further into the tract towards the esophagus.
Soft Palate & Uvula
Epiglottis
Pharyngeal Constrictor Muscles
Fat/lipid Droplets that enter the GI tract are _______, making them more difficult to dissolve into the chyme. ________, a primary component of Bile, will emulsify these lipid droplets, which will break up large droplets into smaller ones, and increases the surface area that allows for ________ to digest smaller fat droplets.
Hydrophobic
Bile Salts
Lipase
Pancreatic Juices that contain digestive enzymes are going to break down Polysaccharides into _______, Polypeptides into _____________, and Dietary Fats into ___________.
Oligosaccharides
Shorter Peptides
Free Fatty Acids & Monoglycerides