Blood
Heart
Blood Vessels
Lymphatic & Immune
Respiratory
Digestive
Nutrition
Urinary
Fluid balance/Acid-Base
Reproductive
Development
100

True/False: A normla hematocrit is between 30-50% 

False- 37-52%

100

Where is the point of maximal intensity? 

Apex (lower left side) 

100

Name two features of each: Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries 

Arteries: Away from heart, high pressure, pulsatile... 

Veins: Towards heart, low pressure, valves 

Capillaries: permeable/leaky, size of 1 rbc, regulate blood flow 


100

What are the 3 functions of the lymphatic system? 

  • Functions of the lymphatic system: 1) return interstitial fluid to the blood. 2) Transport dietary lipids. 3) Defend/resist disease
100

What are the 4 steps of respiration and what is happening during each? 

  • Pulmonary ventilation: in/out of air 
  • External respiration- oxygen loading, co2 unloading 
  • Transport of respiratory gases- moving through body 
  • Internal respiration- co2 loading, oxygen unloading
100

What is the general histology of the GI tract? 

  • Mucosa (epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae), Submucosa, Muscularis Externa, Serosa (visceral peritoneum)
100

What are the energy yielding and non-energy yielding nutrients? 

  • Energy yielding nutrients : Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids 
  • Non-energy yielding nutrients: vitamins, minerals, water
100

Where do the kidneys sit in the body? 

  • Kidneys are retroperitoneal- anchored to posterior body wall in the lumbar abdomen
100

Where is the majority of your body fluid? 

Intracellular fluid 

100

Where is the sperm production site? 

Seminiferous tubules 

100
What is the first step that must happen before the sperm can make contact with an egg? 
  • Capacitation- sperm ayrosomal membranes thin
200

Who can type O RBC donate to, What types of plasma can AB plasma receive? 

A, AB, B, O

AB 

200

What are qualities of cardiac muscle? 

  • Qualities of cardiac muscle: involuntary, striated, branching w intercalated discs, connected by desmosomes and gap junctions
200

True/False: The body's blood reservoir is in the veins 

True 


200

What are examples of types of lymphoid tissue? 

  • Lymphoid tissue- reticular (loose) connective tissue, mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), lymphoid nodules
200

What is in the conducting portion of the respiratory system? 

  • - conducting is larger portion- getting air down to the site of respiratory gas exchange (external respiration) - Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi (primary, secondary, tertiary), bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
200

True/False: Gastric juice is secreted from gastric pits/glands 

  • True
200

What does it mean to be an essential nutrient? 

  • Essential nutrients: MUST BE INGESTED (cant be formed or synthesized)
200

What are the parts of a nephron? 

  • glomerulus (ball of capillaries)- fenestrated to allow filtrate to pass (leaky!) 
  • Renal tubule- glomerular/bowmans capsule, proximal tubule, loop of henle, distal tubule 
  • Collecting duct
200

What are the predominant intracellular and extracellular cations? 

  • Predominant cation extracellularly is sodium 
  • Predominant cation intracellularly is potassium 
200
When are the pauses in oogenesis? 

Birth-Puberty (in prophase 1), after ovulation (in metaphase 2) 

200

What happens during the fast and slow blocks to polyspermy? 

  • Fast block- sperm-oocyte contact, Na+ channels open — other sperm in the area get knocked back like a forcefield 
  • Slow block- intracellular Ca++ release —> cortical reaction 
300

Explain the structure and function of RBC 

  • Small biconcave discs 
  • Form and function! Small to access capillaries, biconcave disc provides large surface area for gas exchange, no nucleus, no mitochondria, no organelles (WHY it doesn’t consume any O2)
300

What is a cardiac output?  

  • Cardiac output! The amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in 1 minute 
  • Heart Rate X Stroke Volume 
  • ~ 5L/min (which is aprox total volume of blood) which means all the blood passes through each side of the heart once per minute 
300

What are the 4 pressures of bulk flow? 

  • Blood hydrostatic pressure: pressure moving THROUGH 
  • BHP at arteriole end is HIGH 
  • Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure: pressure pressing down on capillaries from interstitial fluid; LOW 
  • Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure: draw of materials down its concentration gradient- flow high to low 
  • BCOP: HIGH 
  • Interstitial Fluid osmotic pressure: LOWER
300

Give an example of the first, second, and third line of defense 

  • Examples of 1st line: stomach acid and enzymes, low ph, saliva, tears, mucus 
  • Internal defense- 2nd line- when surface barriers are breached, NONSPECIFIC cellular/chemical defense
  • 3rd- humoral or cell mediated
300
True/false: the right lung has 2 lobes 

False: Left has 2 (because of cardiac notch), right has 3

300

What is happening during the cephalic phase? 

  • Cephalic phase- before food has made it to stomach, see, taste, smell yummy food
300

What are the fat soluble vitamins? 

A, D, E, K

300

What cells sense blood pressure and secrete renin? 

Juxtaglomerular cells 

300

What does a rise in plasma osmolarity trigger? 

  • Rise in plasma osmolality (solute concentration/not enough water) triggers thirst and stimulates ADH so kidneys produce concentrated urine.
300

What is happening during spermiogenesis? 

  • Spermiogenesis = maturation 
  • ^ formation of functional sperm, formation of acrosome, flagellum, shedding of cytoplasm 

300

What is the result of cleavage? 

  • Cleavage: rapid mitotic divisions creates a large # of small cells
400

What are the 5 types of leukocytes and what is a characteristic of each one? 

  • Neutrophils- inflammation, jump from bloodstream to wounded tissue, phagocytosis (eat bacteria/engulf) 3+ lobes of nucleus) 
  • Eosinophils- 2 big lobes, pinker, eat parasitic worms 
  • Basophils- allergic reactions- histamines for vasodilation, heparin for anticoagulant. Keep blood flowing 
  • Lymphocytes- T and B, mostly nucleus (1), immune function, adaptive immune response, produce antibodies 
  • Monocytes- form macrophages (big eater) engulfing/phagocytic
400

What is happening during each part of the electrocardiogram? 

  • P wave: SA node firing, atrial depolarization 
  • QRS complex: ventricular depolarization 
  • T wave: ventricular repolarization
400
What arteries branch off of the aortic arch? 

Brachiocephalic trunk-> right subclavian and right common carotid, left common carotid, left subclavian 

400

What is an MHC protein and what do they do? 

  • Major Histocompatibility Complex: MHC proteins: self antigens- binds antigens and displays them on surface of cell 
  • Class I MHC- present on all nucleated body cells, if altered, alert cytotoxic t cells (waiter) 
  • Class II MHC- present on “professional” antigen presenting cells (APC) if altered, interact with helper t cells (tray)
400

How does hyper and hypo ventilation affect CO2 

  • Hyperventilation flushes out CO2 
  • Hypoventilation allows CO2 levels to rise
400
What are the 6 digestive processes? 
  • Digestive Processes: Ingestion, Propulsion (swallowing and peristalsis), Mechanical Digestion (churning, chewing, segmentation), Chemical Digestion, Absorption, Defecation
400

Where does glycolysis take place? 

In the cytosol

400

What happens during tubular absorption? 

  • Tubular reabsorption: reclaiming filtrate contents to blood 
  • Reabsorb nutrients, dont reabsorb waste 
400

Explain the steps of the renin-angiotensin system 

  • Renin angiotensin system always causes bp everywhere to rise 
  • ^ starts with a drop in bp or a drop in fluid volume- liver is secreting angiotensinogen, kidneys release renin which turns angiotensinogen to angiotensin. ACE released from lungs- converts to angiotensin 2 
  • Angiotensin 2 acts on adrenal gland to stimulate aldosterone release 
  • Aldosterone acts on kidneys to stimulate reabsorption of salt and water. 
  • When we reabsorb more… we urinate out less
400

What is the role of LH for males and females? 

male: LH: stimulates testosterone production

female: stimulates follicle growth and ovulation 

400
What does the trophoblast become? 

The placenta 

500

What are the three steps and end goal of hemostasis 

  • Hemostasis: stoppage of bleeding 
  • 3 steps- 1) vascular spasms 2) platelet plug formation 3) coagulation (clotting)  
  • Platelet plug formation is a positive feedback loop! 
  • Fibrinogen -> fibrin by thrombin
500

Where is the cardiac center? 

medulla oblongata 


500

What is the net draw of fluid due to bulk flow, and what is most responsible? 

  • Net filtration is that we are losing more on arterial end than venule end, so net flow is OUT (13 out 7 in) 
  • BHP: OUT 
  • IFHP: IN 
  • BCOP: IN 
  • IFOP: OUT 
  • Blood hydrostatic pressure changes more than osmotic pressure
500

Give an example of each: Active vs Passive and Natural vs Artificial 

  • Natural Active: infection; contact with pathogen 
  • Natural Passive: antibodies pass from mother to fetus via placenta or to infant via breastmilk 
  • Artificial Active: vaccine or dead pathogens presented 
  • Artificial Passive: injection of immune serum / anti-venom
500

What makes up the respiratory membrane? 

  • Respiratory membrane: 1) surfactant lowers surface tension, 2) alveolar epithelial cell, 3) fused basement membrane, 4) capillary endothelial cell (slide 18)
500

Explain how pepsin leads to protein digestion 

  • Parietal cells secrete HCL and intrinsic factor 
  • Chief/zymogenic cells secrete pepsinogen (inactive version of pepsin)  
  • Pepsinogen — HCL —> Pepsin (needs a pH of 1-3) 
  • Pepsin can turn proteins into peptides
500

Is HDL good or bad cholesterol? 

Good

500

Where does water leave the nephron? What about salts? 

  • Descending- water exits 
  • Ascending- sodium ions exit 
500

How is calcium balance regulated? 

  • Calcium balance: calcium phosphate salts- in bones! Huge need for calcium ions because necessary for muscle contraction, clotting, membrane transport, almost all reabsorbed to blood, regulated by PTH and calcetonin.
  • Parathyroid hormone promotes Ca++ increase (increased absorption/reabsorption/breakdown to get more calcium to blood) 
  • Calcitonin stimulates Ca++ deposit to bone (excess calcium to bones) 
500

What part of the uterine lining is shed during menstruation? 

The functional layer of the endometrium 


500

What is the first system to develop? 

  • The nervous system (CNS)  
600

What is a thrombus and an embolus? 

  • Thrombus- clot in unbroken blood vessel 
  • Embolus- clot floating in bloodstream 
600

What are the 4 events of a complete cardiac cycle? 

  • Ventricular filling -> isovolumetric contraction -> ventricular ejection -> isovolumetric relaxation 
600

What are the three types of capillaries? 

  • Continuous: skin & muscles- uninterrupted lining w tight junctions, standard capillary endothelial lining 
  • Fenestrated: intestines, endocrine, kidney- has pores/holes in capillary wall which makes them extra leaky when it comes to absorbing nutrients 
  • Sinusoidal: liver, bone marrow, lymph, super leaky, allows large molecules to pass
600

What are the 4 steps of cell mediated immunity? 

  • 1) antigen recognition, 2) costimulation, 3) clonal selection, 4) lethal hit
600

Explain the relationship between pressure and volume during pulmonary ventilation 

  • INVERSE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PRESSURE AND VOLUME 
  • Prevents our lungs from collapsing! 
  • Intrapleural pressure rises and falls, but always remains under negative pressure- keeps lungs inflated- is maintained by tight fit of visceral and parietal serous pleura 
  • Inspiration = Inhalation 
  • - Diaphragm pulls down, chest cavity expands, pressure drops-> air rushes in to equalize pressure 
  • Expiration = exhalation 
  • - Diaphragm relaxes back up to dome shape, volume of thoracic cavity drops, pressure rises, and now air rushes out to equalize.
600

Name some physiological functions of the liver (there are 7 total) 

  • Physiological functions of the liver: carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, protein metabolism, detoxification, synthesis and excretion of bile, storage, phagocytosis of RBCs, activation of vitamin D
600

What is glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis? 

  • Glycogenesis-  glucose —> glycogen (fed state) 
  • Glycogenolysis- glycogen —> glucose   (fasted state) 
  • Gluconeogenesis- glycerol/amino acids —> glucose   (not enough glucose, use fat instead)
600

What is the main pressure dictating bulk flow in the glomerulus? 

  • Glomerular capillary pressure (GCP) OUT of glomerulus THIS IS THE MAIN DICTATOR OF BHP IN GLOMERULUS
600

How does the bicarbonate buffer system regulate pH? 

  • Bicarbonate: carbonic acid <—> Sodium bicarbonate (buffers both ICF and ECF)
600

Explain the feedback loop of estrogen/LH/FSH 

  • Moderate amounts of estrogen = negative feedback loop limits gonadotropins (LH and FSH) 
  • High estrogen- surge of gonadotropins
600

What two parts of the circulatory system allow fetal circulation then must change at birth? 

  • Ductus arteriosis: bypass pumping blood to pulmonary circulation bc no air breathing is happening yet 
  • Foramen ovale- allows the to atria of blood to mix in feta heart
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