Respiratory
The difference between what 2 pressures drives air into & out of the lungs?
A. intrapleural & intra-alveolar
B. atmospheric & intra-alveolar
C. atmospheric & intrapleural
D. atmospheric & transpulmonary
B. atmospheric & intra-alveolar
What metabolic reaction uses water to split biomolecules?
A. Dephosphorylation
B. Oxidation
C. Dehydration synthesis/ condensation
D. Hydrolysis
D. Hydrolysis
Which of the following represents the flow equation for the systemic circuit of the cardiovascular system?
A. EF = SV/EDV
B. MAP = CO x TPR
C. CO = MAP/TRP
D. CO = HR x SV
C. CO = MAP/TRP
The diffusion of water across a tubule is driven by differences in ________ across the membrane.
A. partial pressure
B. potassium concentration
C. osmolarity
D. permeating solutes
C. osmolarity
Acidosis results in potassium retention, whereas alkalosis results in potassium depletion.
A. True
B. False
A. True
Slide 14
In lungs, the partial pressure of O2 in blood entering the pulmonary capillaries is ... & the partial pressure of O2 in alveoli is ...
A. 40 mm Hg : 100 mm Hg
B. 100 mm Hg : 40 mm Hg
C. 46 mm Hg : 40 mm Hg
D. 40 mm Hg : 46 mm Hg
A. 40 mm Hg : 100 mm Hg
The osmotic gradient that drives H2O reabsorption in the kidneys is primarily created by which solute?
A. bicarbonate
B. potassium
C. glucose
D. sodium
D. sodium
If MAP is at 55 mm Hg, what may occur?
A. increased damage to small blood vessels due to high blood pressure
B. Organ damage due to high organ perfusion pressure
C. Increased damage to small blood vessels due to low plasma osmolarity
D. Organ damage due to low organ perfusion pressure
D. Organ damage due to low organ perfusion pressure
Which of the following describes movement from peritubular capillaries into the renal tubules?
A. filtration
B. excretion
C. reabsorption
D. secretion
D. secretion
Which of the following is associated with the actions of aldosterone on principal cells?
A. decreased blood pressure
B. increased calcium reabsorption
C. increased sodium secretion
D. increased potassium secretion
D. increased potassium secretion
How is the majority of CO2 transported in the blood?
A. Directly dissolved in the plasma as CO2
B. Dissolved as bicarbonate ions in erythrocytes
C. dissolved as bicarbonate ions in the plasma
D. bound to hemoglobin
C. dissolved as bicarbonate ions in the plasma
Which starling forces in the renal corpuscle oppose filtration?
A. Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure & Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure
B. Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure & Bowman's capsule osmotic pressure
C. Glomerular osmotic pressure & Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure
D. glomerular osmotic pressure & bowman's capsule osmotic pressure
C. Glomerular osmotic pressure & Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure
Which of the following would raise MAP?
A. Decrease renin secretion
B. Increased parasympathetic activity
C. Increases ANP secretion
D. Increased aldosterone secretion
D. Increased aldosterone secretion
How does the sympathetic nervous system decrease glomerular filtration rate?
A. stimulates constriction of the afferent arteriole only
B. stimulates constriction of the efferent arteriole only
C. stimulates constriction of both the afferent and efferent arterioles
D. stimulates the contraction of mesangial cells
C. stimulates constriction of both the afferent and efferent arterioles
Slide 21
Angiotensin II acts directly in the hypothalamus to stimulate what?
A. an increase in body temperature
B. the release of oxytocin
C. an increase in thirst
D. the release of aldosterone
C. an increase in thirst
CO2 binding to hemoglobin ... hemoglobin's affinity for O2. This is known as the ... effect.
A. increases : Bohr
B. decreases : Bohr
C. increases : carbamino
D. decreases : carbamino
D. decreases : carbamino
ADH ... H2O permeability of the collection duct epithelium by ... the number of Aquaporin-2 present in the apical membrane.
A. increases: increasing
B. increases: decreasing
C. decreases: decreasing
D. decreases: increasing
A. increases: increasing
Angiotensin 2 increases MAP in several ways. Which of the following is NOT an action of Angiotensin 2?
A. stimulates vasoconstriction of systemic arterioles to increase TPR
B. stimulates aldosterone secretion to increase Na+ reabsorption
C. stimulates the secretion of ADH
D. stimulates the release of renin from granular juxtaglomerular cell
D. stimulates the release of renin from granular juxtaglomerular cell
Which of the four Starling forces is 0 mm Hg under normal conditions?
A. Bowman's capsule osmotic pressure
B. Hydrostatic pressure of the glomerular capillaries
C. Hydrostatic pressure of the Bowman's capsule
D. Glomerular capillary osmotic pressure
A. Bowman's capsule osmotic pressure (0 mm Hg)
B. (60 mm Hg)
C. (15 mm Hg)
D. (29 mm Hg)
Bicarbonate crosses the apical membrane of the proximal tubule by ...
A. HCO3-/CI- countertransporters.
B. Na+/HCO3- countertransporters.
C. conversion to carbon dioxide.
D. HCO3- active transporters
C. conversion to carbon dioxide.
Slide 22
When ventilation decreases to a certain area of the lungs, what will be the primary effect of the increased CO2 levels?
A. Bronchoconstriction to decreases ventilation
B. Bronchodilation to increase ventilation
C. vasoconstriction to decrease perfusion
D. vasodilation to increase perfusion
B. Bronchodilation to increase ventilation
You drink 32 oz of H2O within a few minutes without consuming any food. This will ... plasma osmolarity & will cause ADH to ...
A. increase: increases
B. increase: decrease
C. decrease: decrease
D. decrease: increase
C. decrease: decrease
Sympathetic division increases heart rate & force of contraction through NE binding to ... receptors.
A. alpha-1 adrenergic
B. beta-1 adrenergic
C. beta-2 adrenergic
D. muscarinic-2
B. beta-1 adrenergic
Which is NOT an accurate description of the differences between epithelial cells of the proximal and distal tubules?
A. Greater paracellular transport in the epithelial cells of the distal tubule
B. Fewer mitochondria in the epithelial cells of the distal tubule
C. Receptors for hormones on the epithelial cells of the distal tubule
D. Less prominent microvilli in the epithelial cells of the distal tubule
A. Greater paracellular transport in the epithelial cells of the distal tubule
Slide 29
In the proximal tubule, hydrogen ions are transported into the filtrate by ...
A. Na+/H+countertransporters only
B. both Na+/H+ countertransporters and H+/CI- cotransporters
C. H+/CI- cotransporters only
D. both Na+/H+ countertransporters and H+ primary active transporters
D. both Na+/H+ countertransporters and H+ primary active transporters
Slide 22