Unit 1-Charateristics, Building Blocks
What are the five elemets of life?
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorous
What are the three domains of life? Are they prokaryotic or eukaryotic? Size? Multicellular, unicellular, or variable?
Bacteria: relatively small, unicellular, prokaryotic
Archaea: relatively small, unicellular, prokaryotic
Eukarya: relatively large, variable, eukaryotic
What are the differenes between the light and dark phases of photsynthesis?
Light phase -> converts light energy into temporary chemical energy - light, water, NADP+, ADP enter
- creates ATP, NADPH, O2
Dark phase -> converts temporary chemical energy into storage-based carbs
- takes CO2, ATP, NADPH, to make glucose
What type of bond is used to make a water molecule?
polar covalent bond
Difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic DNA.
Prokaryotic has a single orgin of replication, circular chromosomes, 1 chromosome.
Eukaryotic have multiple origins of replication, more than 1 chromosome, and linear chromosome
What are the characteristics/ properties of life?
growth & development, heredity, homeostasis, reproduction, response, metabolism, cellular
What's the difference between hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic?
Isotonic - no net movement, equilibrium
Hypertonic - water moves out the cell, cell shrinks
Hypotonic - water moves in the cell, cell swells
Differentiate the first and second law of thermodynamics.
First: energy cannot be created nor destroyed always transferrred and transformed
Second: disorder is constantly increasing in the universe
What is the cell theory?
all living things are composed of one or more cells
the cell is the basic unit of life
new cells arise from pre-existing cells
cell is the basic unit of organization and function in all organisms
Whats the difference between chromosomes, genes, and traits?
chromosomes are tightly wound DNA
Genes are on chromosomes which determine our traits
Different types of bonds? What bond forms between two water molecules?
covalent - share electrons
ionic - transfer electrons
hydrogen - bond between hydrogen
What is the pathway of protein synthesis in the endomembrane system?
Nuclear envelope, rough er, transport vesicle, golgi, transport vesicle, cell membrane
What are the process steps in aerobic respiration versus anaerobic respiration?
Make sure to know how everything is powered and where it comes from.
Aerobic : glycolysis, citric acid, ETC
Anaerobic: Glycolysis, Fermentation
Explain a coupled reaction and what each part entails.
Is an endergonic reaction powered by an exergonic reaction. Exergonic is the release of free energy, and endergonic requires energy.
Explain the difference between mitosis and meiosis.
Mitosis is the process of creating two new daughter cells, whereas meiosis results in four genetically different cells that are haploid.f
If an atom has an atomic number of 3 and atomic mass of 6...
List count of each subatomic particle (proton, neutron, electron)
What is contained in nucleus
How many valence electrons
protons -3
neutrons - 3
electrons - 3
nucleus contains protons and neutrons
1 valence electron
Facilitated versus simple diffusion
Facilitated includes no energy but help of proteins or enzymes like channel or carrier proteins.
Draw and explain the process of the ATP cycle. Relate it to hydrolysis and condensation and exergonic and endergonic.
ATP + H2O (exergonic, hydrolysis) -> ADP + Pi (endergonic, condensation)
What is the process of glycolysis? What are the end products?
breaking of glucose into 2 pyruvate
get 2 ATP and 2 NADH
What are the different stages of the cell cycle, or interphase? What happens in each?
G1 - growth, cell activity
S - DNA synthesis, DNA gets replicated
G2 - growth, duplication of organelles
What are the main biomolecules of life? What is their monomer and the bond used to make them?
nucleic acid - nucleotide and phosphodiester bond
protein - amino acid and peptide bond
lipid - no monomer and ester linkage
carbohydrate - monosacharide and glycosidic linkage
Make a list of organelles in endomembrane system and a list for protein synthesis.
Endomembrane - golgi, cell membrane, nuclear envelope, transport vesicle, rough ER, lysosome, central vacuole
Protein synthesis - golgi, cell membrane, nuclear envelope, transport vesicle, rough ER
Why is photosynthesis so important to maintaining the carbon cycle and life on earth? Include connection from energetics.
Carbon cycle is a coupled reaction with cellular respiration as the carbon cycle is an endergonic reaction and cellular respiration as exergonic reaction. They exchange energy and photosynthesis plays into the carbon cycle to make glucose for energy.
What are the outcomes for the different steps of aerobic respiration? (you may want to make a chart)
step NADH FADH2 CO2 ATP
gly 2 0 0 2 net
prep 2 0 2 0
citric 6 2 4 2
oxid. 0 0 0 32 net
What are the different steps of mitosis?
prophase - chromosomes condense
pro metaphase - degradation of the nucleus
metaphase - chromosomes line up at the center
anaphase - chromosomes separate
telophase - nuclei reform
cytokinesis - cell divides