Exam 1
Identify:
The process of blood clotting where activated platelets release chemicals that attract more platelets to the injury site.
When blood sugar rises after a meal, the pancreas releases insulin, which causes cells to take up glucose, lowering blood sugar.
A local tissue that responds automatically to a decrease in oxygen by dilating blood vessels.
The release of oxytocin during childbirth stimulates stronger contractions, which in turn lead to more oxytocin release.
positive, negative, intrinsic (autoregulation), positive
The diaphragm is a crucial muscle for breathing that also serves as a physical barrier between which two body cavities?
A.The pericardial and pleural cavities.
B.The thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
C.The dorsal and ventral cavities.
D.The abdominal and pelvic cavities.
B.The thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
From which undifferentiated embryonic tissue do all forms of connective tissue, including bone, cartilage, and blood, originate?
Mesenchyme
What is the primary role of Langerhans' cells, which are found interspersed within the stratum spinosum of the epidermis?
A.To produce the pigment responsible for skin color.
B.To participate in the immune response by identifying invading microbes.
C.To synthesize the protein that provides skin with its protective properties.
D.To detect touch and pressure sensations.
To participate in the immune response by identifying invading microbes.
These cells act as antigen-presenting cells, functioning as a first line of defense for the immune system within the skin.
The cutaneous membrane is correctly defined as which two layers?
epidermis and the dermis
A cell expends energy to synthesize a complex carbohydrate from smaller sugar molecules. This process is an example of: (hint build)
A. an anabolic and exergonic reaction.
B. a catabolic and endergonic reaction.
C. an anabolic and endergonic reaction.
D.a catabolic and exergonic reaction.
An anabolic and endergonic reaction. Building larger molecules from smaller ones (anabolism) requires an input of energy (endergonic).
A kinase is a specific type of enzyme that performs what function?
adds a phosphate group to the molecule
An anatomist observes a tissue with cells housed in lacunae, a flexible gel-like matrix, and a covering of dense, irregular connective tissue. This describes which tissue type?
Cartilage
Apocrine sweat glands differ from merocrine sweat glands in that their secretions:
contain fats and proteins that can lead to body odor when metabolized by bacteria.
The primary function of bile acids in digestion is to:
A.Activate protein-digesting enzymes from the pancreas.
B.Chemically break down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol.
C.Neutralize stomach acid in the duodenum.
D.Emulsify large fat globules into smaller droplets.
D.Emulsify large fat globules into smaller droplets.
In the standard anatomical position, what is the relationship between the ulna and the radius in the forearm?
Ulna is medial to radius
A cell needs to dispose of a misfolded or damaged protein. Which cellular machine is responsible for breaking down these targeted proteins into amino acids?
targeted proteins into amino acids?
Ribosome
Proteasome
Lysosome
Golgi apparatus
Proteasomes are protein complexes that function to degrade unneeded or damaged proteins by proteolysis.
Which protein fiber, known for its great tensile strength, is the most abundant component of tendons and ligaments?
A.Myosin
B.Collagen
C.Elastic
D.Reticular
Collagen
What is the significance of the epiphyseal plate being replaced by bone?
It signals that the bone has reached its maximum adult length
What is the function of the tiny channels known as canaliculi within compact bone tissue?
To connect adjacent lacunae, allowing osteocytes to communicate and share nutrients.
These channels contain cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes, forming a network for transport and communication.
Pair the macromolecules with their primary function
Protein, Carbohydrate, Nucleic acid, Lipids
Proteins: Act as enzymes, form cellular structures, transport molecules, and are involved in cell signaling.
Carbohydrates: Serve as a primary, quick-energy source and also provide structural support.
Nucleic Acids: Store and transmit genetic information, with DNA holding the blueprint and RNA assisting in protein synthesis.
Lipids: Provide long-term energy storage, form cell membranes, and act as hormones or messenger molecules
A tissue lining the urinary bladder must be able to stretch and recoil as it fills and empties. Which specific type of epithelium is best suited for this function?
A.Stratified squamous epithelium
B.Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
C.Transitional epithelium
D.Simple columnar epithelium
Transitional epithelium. This specialized stratified epithelium can change shape from cuboidal to squamous, allowing organs like the bladder to distend.
When comparing epithelial tissue to most connective tissues, what is a primary structural difference?
A.Epithelial tissue is always well-vascularized, while connective tissue is always avascular.
B.Epithelial tissue is highly cellular with little extracellular matrix, while connective tissue has fewer cells and abundant matrix.
C.Epithelial tissue is primarily composed of extracellular matrix, while connective tissue is highly cellular.
D.Epithelial tissue is derived from mesenchyme, while connective tissue is derived from ectoderm.
Epithelial tissue is highly cellular with little extracellular matrix, while connective tissue has fewer cells and abundant matrix.
Which of the following is the most accurate description of the hormone gastrin?
A. A thick, alkaline secretion that protects the stomach lining from acid.
B. A substance produced by the liver that emulsifies fats in the duodenum.
C. A chemical messenger that stimulates the stomach to secrete acid and enzymes.
D. An enzyme secreted by chief cells that initiates protein digestion.
A chemical messenger that stimulates the stomach to secrete acid and enzymes.
Gastrin is a hormone that plays a key role in promoting gastric motility and the secretion of gastric juices.
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is released in response to low blood calcium levels. What is its primary effect on bone tissue?
stimulates osteoclast activity to release calcium from bone matrix.
A cell that is actively involved in detoxifying drugs and synthesizing lipids would be expected to have a large amount of which organelle?
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum.
The synthesis of lipids and detoxification of drugs and poisons are key functions of this organelle.
What two components collectively form the extracellular matrix in connective tissues?
Protein fibers and ground substance
A gland releases its product by packaging it into vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane, leaving the gland cell intact. What is this mode of secretion called?
Merocrine
What is the primary role of the chief cells located in the stomach's gastric pits?
Secrete pepsinogen, the inactive precursor to a protein-digesting enzyme. Chief cells produce pepsinogen, which is then converted to its active form, pepsin, by the acidic stomach environment.
The rapid return of the membrane potential to its resting state after depolarization is known as repolarization. This is primarily caused by the outflow of which ion?
Potassium