Chapter 13
List and define the three symptom types found in Schizophrenia.
Positive: the addition of symptoms not usually present (delusions and hallucinations)
Negative: deficits in expected aspects of functioning
Disorganized: Erratic/unusual speech, affect, and/or motor behavior
Which type of Specific Learning Disorder is the most common?
Reading (includes dyslexia, comprehension, and reading rate).
Define Delirium.
Temporary impaired cognition and consciousness, usually developing rapidly over a few hours or days.
Briefly define the Dopamine Hypothesis as it relates to psychotic disorders.
Psychotic disorders are caused by overactive and excess dopamine, due to how medications and substances impact the presentation of psychotic symptoms when affecting dopamine production.
Agonists cause increased dopamine (more symptoms); antagonists cause decrease in dopamine (less symptoms)
What are the levels of Autism Spectrum Disorder?
Level 1: Requiring Support (less severe)
Level 2: Requiring Substantial Support
Level 3: Requiring Very Substantial Support (most severe)
What is the goal of treatment for neurocognitive disorders?
To slow the progression and development of the decline. There is no cure or ability to reverse damage once it has begun.
Name the two historic figures most closely associated to the formulation of Schizophrenia as a psychotic diagnosis.
Emil Kraepelin: "dementia praecox" to describe early deterioration of cognitive functioning
Eugen Bleuler: "schizophrenia" to describe the mind's split from reality
What are the two main components of Intellectual Disability?
Below average IQ
Below average adaptive functioning
Most common cause of Mild/Major Neurocognitive Disorders?
Alzheimer's Disease accounts for about 50% of Neurocognitive Disorder diagnoses. Onset typically occurs in a client's 60's or 70's.
Describe the timeline for the process of diagnosing psychotic disorders.
Schizophrenia: More than 6 months of symptoms
List the three presentation types of ADHD, and a brief description of each.
Primarily Inattentive: forgetful, loses things, careless mistakes, fails to finish activities once started
Primarily Hyperactive/Impulsive: restless, very active, disruptive, interrupts others
Combined Type: evidence of both inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive symptoms
Define the "Cognitive Reserve" Hypothesis as it relates to the development and progression of neurocognitive disorders.
More synapses in the brain (from increased education and higher mental stimulation throughout life) causes a delay in the onset of neurocognitive decline.
Name and define all 5 negative symptoms found in Schizophrenia.
Avolition: lack of initiation and motivation in activities
Asociality: lack of interest in social activities
Alogia: lack of language use
Anhedonia: lack of pleasure in activities
Blunted Affect: lack of expression or emotion
Describe why early intervention for neurodevelopmental disorders is so critical in terms of treatment?
Skill scaffolding and development.
Since many skills build off of each other, the earlier deficits are addressed, the more brain functioning can develop normally compared to peers.
Cognitive deficits include agnosia, apraxia, and aphasia. Can you define each of these?
Agnosia: difficulty or failure to recognize people/objects
Apraxia: impaired motor functioning
Aphasia: difficulty or failure in correct language use