Body Organization and System Interactions
Multicellular organisms have different types of tissues that work together to perform specific functions. For instance, muscle tissue helps the body move. What do single-celled organisms use to carry out similar functions?
What are organelles?
This nutrient is made of amino acids and is used by the body for growth and repair.
What are proteins?
When you smell freshly baked cookies and your mouth begins to water, name the stimulus and the response.
What is the smell of cookies is the stimulus, and mouth watering is the response?
List at least three key differences between meiosis and mitosis.
What is meiosis produces four genetically different cells with half the chromosome number, occurs in reproductive cells, and involves two rounds of division; mitosis produces two identical cells with the full chromosome number, occurs in body cells, and involves one round of division?
Cells use the information encoded in DNA to build these molecules, which perform most cellular functions.
What are proteins?
This term describes a body part made of two or more types of tissue that work together to perform a specific function—like the heart, lungs, or a newly discovered structure that helps move nutrients through the digestive system.
What is an organ?
These two nutrients both provide energy for the body—one supplies quick energy measured in calories, while the other stores long-term energy and can be saturated or unsaturated.
What are carbohydrates and fats?
Camels living in the desert must cope with intense heat, scarce water, and predators—these challenging conditions create this for the camels, forcing their bodies to adapt to maintain balance.
What is stress?
In rabbits, black fur (B) is dominant over white fur (b). If a black-furred rabbit with a heterozygous genotype is crossed with a white-furred rabbit, what is the probability that their offspring will have white fur? Explain your reasoning.
What is 50% chance, because the heterozygous black rabbit (Bb) can pass on either B or b, and the white rabbit (bb) can only pass on b, so half the offspring will be bb and have white fur?
After helicase unzips the DNA double helix, what is the next step in DNA replication? Describe what happens during this step and its importance in copying the DNA.
What is after helicase unzips the DNA, nitrogenous bases on each single strand pair up with complementary free nucleotides in the cell. This step is carried out by the enzyme DNA polymerase, which helps build new strands by matching A with T and C with G. This process creates two identical DNA molecules, each with one original and one new strand?
You're feeling sad and anxious, and you're having a hard time remembering things. This system may not be functioning properly.
What is the nervous system?
These nutrients help with chemical reactions and can be water-soluble or fat-soluble.
What are vitamins?
The nervous system helps maintain the body’s internal balance by sending fast electrical signals, while the endocrine system helps by releasing hormones that work more slowly but last longer. Both systems work together to keep the body stable in a process called this.
What is homeostasis?
Some people inherit one allele for blue eyes and one allele for brown eyes, resulting in brown eyes because the brown eye allele is dominant. How does sexual reproduction cause a child to inherit one allele from each parent? Describe the process.
What is sexual reproduction, where each parent produces gametes through meiosis containing one allele, and these combine during fertilization to give the child one allele from each parent?
A protein may fold incorrectly if _______________ brings the wrong amino acid to the ribosome to assemble the protein.
What is tRNA?
You're coughing, sneezing, and having trouble breathing. This organ system might be having problems.
What is the respiratory system?
Name the two types of digestion, describe how each breaks down food, and tell where in the body each takes place.
What are mechanical digestion, which physically breaks down food through chewing and churning starting in the mouth, and chemical digestion, which breaks down food using enzymes mainly in the stomach and small intestine?
This response is automatic and occurs without a conscious thought.
What is a reflex?
Jamal is looking at butterflies with different wing patterns. The shop owner explains that some butterflies have spots of both black and yellow because both colors are expressed equally, while others have a mix of green from yellow and blue from black.
Which sentence from the passage describes codominance?
What is "These butterflies have spots of both black and yellow because both alleles are expressed equally"?
Most proteins last two days or less in the body, so cells must constantly make new ones. Put these steps of protein synthesis in the correct order:
Amino acids are linked to form a protein
DNA is unzipped in the nucleus
tRNA brings amino acids to the mRNA
A ribosome attaches to mRNA
mRNA moves to the cytoplasm
mRNA encodes the message from the DNA
What is: DNA is unzipped in the nucleus → mRNA encodes the message from the DNA → mRNA moves to the cytoplasm → a ribosome attaches to mRNA → tRNA brings amino acids to the mRNA → amino acids are linked to form a protein?
This level of organization includes a group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function. Describe how it fits into the organization of the whole body.
What is a tissue, and it fits into the body’s organization by forming organs, which then make up organ systems that work together to support the entire organism?
Laila’s digestive system breaks down food so her body can get energy. But how do the nutrients from food actually reach the body’s cells?
What is nutrients are picked up and transported around the body by blood from the circulatory system?
Lin and Derrick take a bike ride on the White River Wapahani Trail. When Derrick shouts “Watch out! Deer!”, Lin must react in split seconds. Number these steps in the order they occur in Lin’s body:
Lin’s muscles move the bike out of the way of the deer.
Lin’s brain interprets the images from his eyes and sends commands to his muscles.
Lin’s brain directs his eyes to look for the deer.
Lin’s eye muscles move his eyes and focus on the deer.
Lin’s ears detect Derrick’s shouted warning.
What is ears detect Derrick’s warning → brain directs eyes to look → eye muscles move and focus → brain interprets images and sends commands → muscles move the bike?
Edwards syndrome is caused by having an extra copy of chromosome 18. Name the cell division process during which an error causes this, and identify the stage where the chromosomes fail to separate properly.
What is meiosis, specifically during anaphase I when chromosomes fail to separate properly?
Briefly describe the steps of DNA replication and point out one place in the code where an error can occur.
What is The first step in DNA replication is untwisting the DNA double helix. Next, a protein unzips the two strands of DNA. Finally, nitrogen bases pair up with each of the bases in the two DNA strands. This forms a chromosome with two identical DNA strands. Possibilities of a replication error include adding or leaving out nitrogen bases or changing the order of the nitrogen bases?