The Powerhouse of the Cell
women carrying mitochondrial mutations can have a healthy baby using the mitochondria of a healthy donor, a procedure known as this
mitochondrial transfer
These variable sequences are used by law enforcement to determine whether DNA found at a crime scene matches that of a suspect.
Short Tandem Repeats
The method by which DNA is passed between organisms from different species
Horizontal gene transfer
These small noncoding RNAs are highly expressed in the germline where they support canalization of the species
piRNAs
Proteins that do not have a regular folding pattern, risking aggregation for the sake of functional diversity
Intrinsically disordered proteins
Mitochondria can contain genetically different copies of their genomes within the same cell, a phenomenon known as this
heteroplasmy
Term for using DNA sequence to predict the physical traits of an individual
DNA phenotyping
A Manhattan plot is often indicative of this type of study, which sequences genomes of individuals with and without a given trait, and then plots where the genome differs significantly between the 2 groups
GWAS
These enzymes can edit C to U in both RNA and DNA, are critical for fighting off HIV infection, and can be hyperactive in cancers
APOBECs
A method for observing movement of the proteome around cells under different conditions
Massively parallel microchemostat array
Mitochondria can protect a cell from Staph Aureus infection by secreting vesicles full of this molecule
H2O2
This epigenetic mark can be used to predict the age of an individual from their DNA
Methylation
The Fto gene was long associated with obesity until DNA-DNA interaction studies showed that the Fto gene was actually hiding a regulatory element for this gene
Irx3
These tiny RNA elements are common in the brain, and are often missing in patients with autism
microexons
A peptide derived from the beclin-1 protein may be useful in the treatment of ageing, cancer, infection and neurodegeneration, because it induces this cellular process
Autophagy
A newly-discovered, 'magical' function of the mitochondria is the import and degradation of these
misfolded proteins
A suspect's DNA profile from buccal cells is completely different from the profile obtained from their sperm sample. This person may be this
A chimera
Increased activity of these DNA elements has been associated with age-related neuronal dysfunction in drosophila
Transposable elements
Infantile encephalopathies on Reunion island were associated with SNPs SLC7A2 gene. However, this gene was not causative in the disease; the culprit was these transcripts.
lncRNAs
While the proteomes of organelles can by hard to determine by proteomics, this technique can be used to determine transcripts that are translated by ribosomes that are attached to the organelle's import proteins
Proximity-specific ribosome profiling
Mitochondrial toxicity in cells can be treated by activating the HIF response or just reducing this molecule
Oxygen
The national law enforcement database that collects DNA profiles is known as this
CODIS: Combined DNA Index System
An increase in activity of these mobile DNA elements has been shown to be associated with schizophrenia
L1 retrotransposons
microRNAs that control lactobacillus mRNAs in the gut actually originate from plants, and are transferred to the bacteria by these
Exosome-like nanoparticles
The small molecule IU1 inhibits USP14, a deubiquitinating enzyme. This boosts the activity of this system, which is useful in neurodegenerative diseases
Proteasome