Ethical Principles
If a patient's spouse is making all the decisions for them (assuming they are of sound mind and cognizant), what might this be a violation of?
A) Beneficence
B) Justice
C) Autonomy
D) Informed Consent
E) Nonmaleficence
F) Confidentiality
C) Autonomy
Patients should have the power to make rational decisions and moral choices, and each should be allowed to exercise his or her capacity for self-determination.
This ethical theory would argue consequences do not determine what is right (I.e. don't make your ethical decisions based on consequences).
A) Utilitarianism
B) Deontology
C) Virtue Ethics
D) Ethical Relativism
E) Rawls' Theory of Justice
F) Natural Law
What is - B) deontology.
Deontology is about fulfilling one's duty.
It is literally defined as "the study of the nature of duty and obligation."
It would say - the morality of an action should be based on whether that action itself is right or wrong - NOT on consequences.
Cultural _______ is being open to learning about other cultures.
A) Sensitivity
B) Expertise
C) Understanding
D) Proficiency
E) Competency
What is A) Sensitivity
Sensitivity = being open to learning
Healthcare is a right as it's in the constitution.
Nope. Healthcare is not in the constitution and not one of the "rights" (although, this is highly highly debated).
This means that someone in a professional capacity lacked professional skill or non-adherence that was unreasonable.
For example, as a nurse, failing to call a physician for assistance, when needed.
A) Accident
B) Unintentional Tort
C) Malpractice
D) Plantiff
E) Defense
C) Malpractice
Nursing negligence occurs when a nurse, whether employed at a doctor’s office, hospital or home health care facility fails to adequately uphold the standard of care he or she owes to the patient and causes them harm.
Also, most nurses carry their own malpractice insurance!
A nurse making sure a patient is comfortable and holding their hand while they pass is an example of:
A) Beneficence
B) Justice
C) Autonomy
D) Informed Consent
E) Non-maleficence
F) Confidentiality
A) Beneficence
Beneficence is defined as kindness and charity, which requires action on the part of the nurse to benefit others.
Think: keeping patients comfort at the forefront
"Justice is Fairness" would be said in relation to what ethical theory?
A) Utilitarianism
B) Deontology
C) Virtue Ethics
D) Ethical Relativism
E) Rawls' Theory of Justice
F) Ethical Justification
What is E) Rawls' Theory of Justice
Cultural ____ means adapting health care to be in alignment with a person's culture whenever possible.
A) Sensitivity
B) Expertise
C) Understanding
D) Proficiency
E) Competency
What is E) Competency
People born in areas where poverty is high may have reduced access to safe housing, clean water, healthy food, education, and medical care — all of which impact health. This is an example of...
A) Health inequality
B) Unfairness
C) Systemic classification
D) Health inequity
What is....A) health inequality
Defined as: “...systematic differences in the health status of different population groups.”
What is one way to reduce the risk of malpractice?
A) Keeping up to date with knowledge and skills
B) Avoiding sensitive communication with patients family
C) Challenging the patients decisions
D) Checking your phone as quickly as you can
A) Keeping up with knowledge and skills
A 52-year-old man collapses in the street complaining of severe acute pain in his right abdomen. A surgeon happens to be passing and examines the man, suspecting that he is on the brink of rupturing his appendix. The surgeon decides the best course of action is to remove the appendix, using his trusty pen-knife.
If the physician was debating whether or not the risks (I.e. the environment not being sterile, no one else around to help, experience in this haphazard environment) out-weigh the benefits what principle are they considering?
A) Beneficence
B) Justice
C) Autonomy
D) Informed Consent
E) Non-maleficence
F) Confidentiality
E) Non-maleficence
Although a silly example, it illustrates that it is important to remember that before leaping to action, we need to consider the implications and risks of intervening at all.
Non-maleficence states that a medical practitioner has a duty to do no harm or allow harm to be caused to a patient through neglect.
If a train was traveling down a track and could hit 1 person or 50 and you chose the 1 instead of 50 - and validated it saying "it did the most good for the most number of people" this would be a justification based on..
A) Utilitarianism
B) Deontology
C) Virtue Ethics
D) Ethical Relativism
E) Rawls' Theory of Justice
F) Natural Law
What is A) Utilitarianism
What is ONE example of implicit bias?
A) Doing less cardiovascular interventions on a patient
B) Calling someone a racial slur
C) Holding a negative attitude about a certain group of people and treating those patients poorly
D) Gossiping about a specific co-worker at work
A) Doing less cardiovascular interventions on a patient
Why is this deemed implicit?
We use the term “implicit bias” to describe when we have attitudes towards people or associate stereotypes with them without our conscious knowledge.
The U.S. healthcare system is the ____ health care system in the world on a per capita basis and it ______.
First Blank: most expensive / least expensive
Second Blank: has best health outcomes / ranks among the lowest outcomes for developed countries
The U.S. healthcare system is the most expensive health care system in the world on a per capita basis and it ranks among the lowest outcomes for developed countries.
Assault is a ________, while negligence is a ________.
First blank: unintentional tort / intentional tort
Second blank: unintentional tort / intentional tort
Assault is an intentional tort, while negligence is an unintentional tort.
Intentional: assault, battery, false imprisonment
Unintentional: negligence, abandonment, malpractice
In a simple context, ______ is do good to the patient, and ______ is do no harm.
First blank: Beneficence / non-maleficence
Second blank: Beneficence / non-maleficence
Beneficence = do good
Maleficence = do no harm
Suppose it is obvious that someone in need should be helped. A utilitarian will point to the fact that the consequences of doing so will maximize well-being, a deontologist to the fact that, in doing so the agent will be acting in accordance with a moral rule such as “Do unto others as you would be done by” and a ______ to the fact that helping the person would be charitable or benevolent.
A) Utilitarianism
B) Deontology
C) Virtue Ethics
D) Ethical Relativism
E) Rawls' Theory of Justice
F) Natural Law
C) Virtue Ethics
What distinguishes virtue ethics from consequentialism or deontology is the centrality of virtue within the theory. Whereas consequentialists will define virtues as traits that yield good consequences and deontologists will define them as traits possessed by those who reliably fulfill their duties, virtue ethicists will resist the attempt to define virtues in terms of some other concept that is taken to be more fundamental. Rather, virtues and vices will be foundational for virtue ethical theories and other normative notions will be grounded in them.
Due to implicit biases, people may often attribute certain qualities or characteristics to all members of a particular group, a phenomenon known as ______.
A) Labeling
B) Judging
C) Stereotyping
D) Grouping
E) "Chunking"
C) Stereotyping
The U.S. Health Care System contains which pieces?
A) Private Insurance/Employer (Bismarck Model)
B) Social Insurance (Beveridge/National Health Insurance Model)
C) It's a mix of both
What is.... C) it's a mix of both!
Based on Bismark, National, and Beveridge!
National = medicare/medicaid
Bismark = employers pay/private
A tort is a legal wrong. Typically, a tort is an act by one individual that causes harm to another person.
There are 4 main principles that are part of the nursing code of ethics. What are they?
(get at least 3)
The American Nursing Association's Code of Ethics is based on what ethical theory?
(fun fact, this also shows up on the NCLEX)
A) Utilitarianism
B) Deontology
C) Virtue Ethics
D) Ethical Relativism
E) Rawls' Theory of Justice
F) Natural Law
What is B) Deontology -- choosing the right action that itself is "right" regardless of consequences.
The American Nurses Association's Code of Ethics, for example, contains elements that emphasize and speak to advocacy, collaboration with others, the maintenance of client safety, the dignity and worth of all human beings, the prohibition of any discrimination, accountability, the preservation of patient rights, such as dignity, autonomy and confidentiality, and the provision of competent, safe and high quality care of nursing care.
What is something that can contribute to implicit bias toward patients?
1. Working under time pressure
2. Dealing with complex cognitive information
3. Training that emphasizes group level info like population risk factors
4. Strong belief in their own personal objectivity
5. Believing they could not be biased because of ____ experience
What is the difference between health inequity and health inequality?
Inequity refers to unfair and avoidable inequalities that are not inevitable or natural but the product of human behavior.
Inequality, on the other hand, simply refers to the uneven distribution of resources.
What are the steps of the ethical decision making process?
(hint: there are 7)...get at least 4
1. Identify the ethical dilemma
2. Identify facts
3. State values
4. Outline ethical principles/theory
5. Anticipate consequences
6. Make a decision
7. Evaluate the outcome