EXAM 1 CONTENT
What is the avascular zone of the retina?
Foveola
Upper motor neurons synapses on local circuit and neurons/lower motor neurons synapse at:
Spinal Cord
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for detecting motor errors and influencing upper motor neurons to correct these errors?
The cerebellum
What is referred pain?
Pain that is experienced in a different location from its source
General patterns of sleep over a normal night consist of:
Series of several cycles in which sleep gradually deepens (S1-4) and then rapidly lightens, ending in REM sleep
photocell > bipolar cell > ganglion cell
What is the rod and cone contribution in the retina?
density of cones in the fovea is much higher, more rods than cones overall spread throughout retina
Which statement correctly describes the topographical organization of the primary motor cortex?
Motor maps indicate movement
Utricle and saccule of the vestibular system signal tilt and linear acceleration through what mechanism?
Crystals and gel membrane heavier than the surrounding fluid
An increase in GABAergic neurons in REM sleep leads to what?
Inhibition of lower motor neurons to suppress movements
What do parvocellular ganglion cells have in relation to other cells (magnocellular and koniocellular)?
finer spatial resolution and color perception
What can the vestibular system detect?
Head tilt and linear acceleration
What are 3 target tissues of the autonomic nervous system:
cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands
What is not expected from the sympathetic nervous system?
parasympathetic/ rest and digest functions (example: pupil constriction)
If the amygdala is destroyed bilaterally, what is most likely to happen? What is the case study related to this lesion?
Experience no fear; HM
What gives rise to tonotopy frequency specificity along the cochlea?
changing width and stiffness of basilar membrane
State 3 facts about the autonomic nervous system:
Possible answers:
It controls involuntary bodily functions
It consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
It regulates heart rate and digestion
Which of the following statement is false?
a) Major outputs of the basal ganglia are from the putamen
b) The basal ganglia play a role in motor control
c) The basal ganglia receive input from various brain regions
d) The basal ganglia primarily control sensory perception
a) Major outputs of the basal ganglia are from the putamen
Melatonin is inhibited by light-sensitive receptors in the:
Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus
What are aspects of non-declarative memory?
Performing motor tasks, priming skills, associations
What event accounts for light induced hyperpolarization of photoreceptor?
decrease in cGMP causes hyperpolarization
What is the mechanism behind addiction of reward processing?
Release of dopamine into the Nucleus Accumbens
State 4 facts about Huntington's disease.
state most of these facts:
It is a neurodegenerative disorder
It is associated with genetic mutations
There is currently no cure for Huntington's disease
It affects the peripheral and central nervous system
What are the functions of sleep?
a) Restoration
b) Energy conservation
c) Ecological adaptation
d) Memory consolidation
Explain the Morris Water Maze test
The Morris water maze is widely used to study spatial memory and learning. Animals are placed in a pool of water that is colored opaque, where they must swim to a hidden escape platform. The mice without the lesion remembered their way back to the platform easily in less trials whereas the mice with a lesion on their posterior hippocampus.