Cells Part 1
What is the function of the lysosome in the cell?
Lysosomes break down macromolecules
What is the function of the mitochondria in the cell?
to make ATP, powerhouse of the cell
What is cytokinesis?
the last part of M phase, cytoplasms of the two daughter cells physically split apart
In which organelle does photosynthesis take place?
chloroplast
In which organelle does cellular respiration take place?
mitochondria
In which phase of the cell cycle is DNA replicated?
S phase
What is the cell membrane made up of? What is its function?
2. controls what goes in and out of the cell
What is cancer?
Cancer is an illness that occurs when cell cycle checkpoints break down, causing cells to divide uncontrollably
What is the function of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?
It absorbs the light energy needed to power photosynthesis. (Note: absorbs blue and red light and reflects green)
What is the process that occurs when oxygen is not present?
Fermentation
What are the three parts of cell theory?
1. all cells come from preexisting cells
2. The cell is the basic unit of life
3. All living things are made of cells
What are three differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
1. Eukaryotic cells = nucleus, prokaryotic cells = no nucleus
2. Eukaryotic cells = larger, prokaryotic cells = smaller
3. Eukaryotic cells have membrane bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not
State three reasons why cells divide.
a. make sure the cell does not get too large
b. repair damaged cells
c. growth of reproductive organisms
What is the role of NADPH and ATP in photosynthesis?
Energy carriers that supply the energy for the production of glucose
Cellular respiration makes 36 total ATP. Of the 36 total ATP, 2 ATP come from glycolysis, the first step of cellular respiration. However, glycolysis actually makes 4 ATP. Where do the other 2 ATP go?
2 ATP are required to start the process of glycolysis.
For these four organelles, state if they are found in plant or animal cells or both:
a. Cell wall
b. Centrioles
c. Chloroplast
d. Mitochondria
Cell wall = plants
Centrioles = animals
Chloroplast = plants
Mitochondria = both
Describe hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic environments.
Hypotonic = Solute concentrations are lower outside of the cell, and water moves into it (cell expands)
Isotonic = Solute concentrations are the same inside and outside of the cell (water moves equally into and out of the cell)
1) Why does DNA replication need to occur before cell division?
2) If a cell has 6 homologous chromosomes before mitosis, how many will have after mitosis?
1) So that the daughter cells have the same amount of DNA as the parent cell
Name the two steps of photosynthesis, state where each one occurs, and briefly describe what happens in each step (include the reactants and products)
1) Light Dependent Reactions
a. Thylakoid membranes
b. Thylakoids absorb light, splitting H2O, which donates an electron. Electrons pass down the electron transport chain producing NADPH and ATP. Light energy is converted to chemical energy, and O2 is released.
2) Light Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)
a. Stroma
b. NADPH and ATP provide chemical energy to convert CO2 into glucose
What does ATP stand for? What is the relationship between ADP and ATP?
adenosine triphosphate
When a phosphate group is added to ADP, it becomes ATP (high energy molecule). When the phosphate group is detached, it becomes ADP again (low energy molecule). This process is like a rechargeable battery.
1) List the three stages of interphase and describe what occurs in each stage.
2) What is apoptosis?
1)
G1: cell grows, gaining new organelles, and preparing for replication
S phase: DNA replicates
G2: Cell grows and prepares for mitosis
2)
Programmed cell death
Name the four steps of mitosis in order and describe what occurs in each.
1. Prophase: nuclear envelope disappears, chromatin condenses into chromosomes (each of which consists of two sister chromatids), spindle apparatus forms
2. Metaphase: chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
3. Anaphase: Sister chromatids are split apart and each becomes a new chromosome that goes to the opposite side of the cell
4. Telophase: Nuclear envelopes of the two daughter cells begin to reform, cell plate (plants) or cleavage furrow (animals) begins to form, chromosomes decondense into chromatin.
Identify and describe the functions of seven organelles.
Check answer on board.
Write the equation for photosynthesis.
What is the role of C6H12O6?
6H2O + 6CO2 --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
It is a product with high energy chemical bonds
Name the three steps of cellular respiration, and state the location of each step. Describe what occurs in each step.
1) Glycolysis
a. Cytoplasm
b. Glucose is broken down into pyruvate, and 2 ATP are produced.
2) Krebs Cycle
a. Mitochondrial matrix
b. Pyruvate is broken down further and electron carriers are made (NADH, ATP, and FADH2), and CO2 is produced
3) Electron Transport Chain
a. Inner membrane of the mitochondria
b. The energy carriers (NADH and FADH2) donate electrons to the electron transport chain. Electrons travel down the chain, losing energy. Protons are pumped across the membrane, creating a gradient that is used to pump protons through ATP synthase, creating ATP. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor, and water is formed as a byproduct.