Short-Term and Working Memory
Jason quickly scanned the map on his phone to get to his job interview, then took a left and ran down the block so he wouldn't be late. According to Stokes, Jason's ability to recall the directions as he's running is the result of ________.
Select one:
a. a synaptic state followed by a buffering state
b. a buffering process followed by an activity process
c. an activity state followed by a synaptic state
d. a buffering process followed by an executive process
c. an activity state followed by a synaptic state
Semantic memory is to ________ as episodic memory is to ________.
Select one:
a. knowing; remembering
b. implicit; explicit
c. images; sounds
d. fragile; permanent
a. knowing; remembering
According to your text, imagery enhances memory because
Select one:
a. pictures fit better with our basic instincts because children learn pictures before reading words.
b. research shows people like pictures better than words, so there is an enhanced emotional response.
c. imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered.
d. the brain processes images more easily than the meanings of words.
c. imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered.
Asking people to recall the most influential events that happened during their college careers shows that __________ in people's lives appear to be particularly memorable.
Select one:
a. transition points
b. the freshman year
c. trauma-based experiences
d. family-centered challenges
a. transition points
The definitional approach to categorization
Select one:
a. is not well suited for geometrical objects but works for familiar everyday objects.
b. sets definite criteria called family resemblances that all category members must have.
c. was proposed to replace the prototype approach.
d. doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants.
d. doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants.
Research suggests that the capacity of short-term memory is
Select one:
a. larger than the capacity of long-term memory among young people.
b. somewhat small, holding only about seven items at one time.
c. equivalent to sensory memory, holding about a hundred items at one time.
d. quite large, holding a large number of items simultaneously.
b. somewhat small, holding only about seven items at one time.
According to Tulving, an episodic memory is distinguished by the process of ________ it.
Select one:
a. semanticizing
b. coding
c. knowing
d. reliving
d. reliving
In Slameka and Graf's (1978) study, some participants read word pairs, while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first word. The latter group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating the
Select one:
a. multiple trace hypothesis.
b. spacing effect.
c. cued recall effect.
d. generation effect.
d. generation effect.
Flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements?
Select one:
a. It is vivid, highly accurate memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event.
b. It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time.
c. It is vivid, highly accurate memory for emotional events.
d. It is vivid memory for emotional events.
b. It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time.
According to the hub and spoke model, which area of the brain serves as the hub?
Select one:
a. Anterior temporal lobe
b. Medial thalamus
c. Parietal lobe
d. Occipital lobe
a. Anterior temporal lobe
Suppose you're on the phone with a customer support representative who gives you a ticket number for your records. You're later transferred to a different representative who asks for your ticket number, but you've forgotten it. This probably occurred because the number was only temporarily stored in your
Select one:
a. sensory memory.
b. episodic memory.
c. short-term memory.
d. long-term memory.
c. short-term memory.
Murdoch's "remembering a list" experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for ___________ of a list.
Select one:
a. the first words
b. the last words
c. both the first and last words
d. the middle words
c. both the first and last words
The concept of reconsolidation is based on the ________ of retrieved memories.
Select one:
a. classification
b. potentiation
c. emotionality
d. fragility
d. fragility
Unconscious plagiarism of the work of others is known as
Select one:
a. narrative rehearsal.
b. repeated recall.
c. cryptoamnesia.
d. repeated reproduction.
c. cryptoamnesia.
An advantage of the exemplar approach over the prototype approach is that the exemplar approach provides a better explanation of the ___________ effect.
Select one:
a. typicality
b. priming
c. resemblance
d. reaction time
a. typicality
Imagine you are driving to a friend's new house. In your mind, you say the address repeatedly until you arrive. To remember the address, you used a(n)___________process in short-term memory.
Select one:
a. control
b. iconic
c. coding
d. automatic
a. control
The dramatic case of patient H.M. clearly illustrates that ___________ is crucial for the formation of long-term memories.
Select one:
a. vitamin B1
b. the hippocampus
c. synaptic consolidation
d. deep processing
b. the hippocampus
Jeannie loves to dance, having taken ballet for many years. She is now learning salsa dancing. Although the movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggests reliance on
Select one:
a. the self-reference effect.
b. a mass practice effect.
c. semantic memory.
d. the integrative experience effect.
a. the self-reference effect.
Schrauf and Rubin's "two groups of immigrants" study found that the reminiscence bump coincided with periods of rapid change, occurring at a normal age for people emigrating early in life but shifting to 15 years later for those who emigrated later. These results support the
Select one:
a. autobiographical hypothesis.
b. cognitive hypothesis.
c. self-image hypothesis.
d. narrative rehearsal hypothesis.
b. cognitive hypothesis.
Which of the choices best represents cognitive economy in the following sentence? The property _______is stored at the _______node.
Select one:
a. bird; penguin
b. can fly; canary
c. can fly; bird
d. has feathers; ostrich
c. can fly; bird
Which of the following stimulus characteristics most challenges the processing capacity of short-term memory?
Select one:
a. source
b. complexity
c. color
d. frequency
b. complexity
Believing that a particular statement is true simply because you have seen the statement in previous instances is known as the ________ effect.
Select one:
a. propaganda
b. primacy
c. recency
d. conditioning
a. propaganda
According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on the depth at which information is
Select one:
a. stored.
b. encoded.
c. retrieved.
d. consolidated.
b. encoded.
The experiment for which people were asked to make fame judgments for both famous and non-famous names (and for which Sebastian Weissdorf was one of the names to be remembered) illustrated the effect of __________ on memory.
Select one:
a. repeated rehearsal of distinctive names
b. encoding specificity
c. schemas
d. source misattributions
d. source misattributions
Spreading activation
Select one:
a. creates new links between associated concepts.
b. inhibits unrelated concepts.
c. weakens the link between unrelated concepts.
d. primes associated concepts.
d. primes associated concepts.