Family
In 2022, the average ages for the first engagement with this phenomenon were 28.6 for women and 30.5 for men
Marriage
The knowledge or skills that increase one’s earning potential (i.e., education or training)
Human capital
Areas of life that are ordinary, mundane, day-to-day, like work and routine
Profane
When hiring managers use their own culture as a proxy for normal or ideal this process occurs
Cultural matching
The area of sociology that studies death rates, disease prevalence, and fertility rates, in order to illuminate changes in the population over time
Demography
In 2021 it was 1.66 (meaning the average number of children born to a woman in the U.S. was less than 2)
Total fertility rate
A sorting system that places students on tracks that perpetuate inequalities
Tracking
Areas of the world that are extraordinary, include awe and reverence, like religious objects, symbols, and rituals
Sacred
Work is often broken up or fragmented into a series of smaller pieces
Deskilling
Goffman defined this term as a social marks that hinder individuals from fully integrating into society
Stigma
The term coined by Hochschild in 1989 to describe the work done to maintain homes after labor force participation
Second shift
A system of policies that pushes students (often disabled students & the global majority) out of classrooms and into the criminal legal system
The school-to-prison pipeline
A religious group that is smaller, less accepted or widespread, with a shorter history, often dies more quickly
Sect
The social program that keeps people age 65+ out of poverty and allows them to live alone (12.5% in 1935 vs. 67% in 2022)
Social security
Society’s failure to respond to variations in ability, producing limitations and a system of bias in favor of specific bodies and minds
Ableism
The historic assumption that fathers are an economic source and authority figure for children; successful employment was the sign of a good father
Male provider ideal
An expected outcome alters the behavior of an authority figure, ultimately shaping the final outcome to align with the initial belief
The self fulfilling prophecy
These religious acts serve to mark times of social transition (e.g., birth, weddings, death, bar mitzvah)
Rituals
Benefits of this include higher wages for the entire industry, notably for groups that are marginalized, and higher access to healthcare and retirement programs
Unionization
The conditions in the environment - where people are born, live, learn, and work - that impact individual and community health, functioning, and overall quality of life
Social determinants of health
The cultural pressure for women to devote more of their time, energy, and money to raise children
Intensive motherhood
Bourdieu defined this as the general background, knowledge, disposition, and skills that are passed from one generation to the next
Cultural capital
Type of power that people accept because it comes from a source that is perceived as legitimate
Authority
Men in careers historically considered “women’s work” are more likely to have advancement opportunities compared to their equally talented and skilled peers that are women
Glass escalator
The obligation of every person, group, and organization to make decisions and take action based on what benefits the whole of a community and the larger society
Social responsibility