MASCULINITY
A dominant form of masculinity that is culturally idealized within a particular society
Hegemonic Masculinity
A culturally idealized form of femininity that may benefit individual women, but often at the expense of other women
Emphasized femininity
Managers who do not give women constructive criticism at work because they fear it will hurt their feelings are engaging in this form of sexism
Benevolent Sexism
In a social psychological experiment where some men were told they were as manly as other men and some were told they were less many than other men, the men whose masculinity was "threatened" were significantly more likely to support war, agree that men are superior to women, and to express interests in larger vehicles. What gender strategy does this exemplify?
Compensatory masculinity
Scarlett Johansson is held to account for a breach in gender expectations and asked to engage in the ________________ in the clip.
Clip starts at 2:05: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YGqQk12jBoA
feminine apologetic
Precarious or "fragile" masculinity refers to the idea that:
Masculinity is hard to earn and easy to lose
A term used to refer to culturally devalued or resistant femininities
Pariah femininities
This is the single largest contributor to the gender wage gap in the US
Gendered job segregation
Many women have broken into STEM fields and business. However, they tend to be concentrated in lower-level positions in those fields because of obstacles in attaining leadership and managerial positions. This illustrates _____________.
The glass ceiling
Wade & Ferree describe three modes of gender performance among women that represent different kinds of patriarchal bargains. Which of the three does Amanda Seyfried's performance of Elizabeth Holmes exemplify in this clip?
Emphatic Sameness
This concept refers to the incorporation of identity elements associated with subordinated masculinities and femininities into men's gender performance
Hybrid Masculinity
Women who conform to traditional gender norms around beauty, submissiveness, and domesticity in exchange for economic security, social mobility, and proximity to men's power -- such as the "Trophy Wife" -- often engage in a ___________.
Patriarchal bargain
If we eradicated gendered job segregation in the US, studies suggest we could reduce the gender wage gap to this ratio
.99/1.00
This explanation of gendered job segregation holds that women who break into leadership or managerial positions within male-dominated fields are likely to leave their jobs or abandon the field altogether
Selective exit hypothesis
Wade & Ferree describe three modes of gender performance among women that represent different kinds of patriarchal bargains. Which of the three does does the character Skyler White exemplify in this clip as she seeks to protect her husband from IRS/federal government scrutiny?
Emphasized femininity
Hegemonic masculinity upholds the subordination of women and marginalized men primarily through ________ rather than __________. It is difficult to dismantle this form of cultural hegemony because it is ___________ to social change.
Consent rather than force or violence / responsive
Explain how Ashley Mears' study of "girls" in the VIP party circuit illustrates the limits of emphasized femininity
Even women who are able to perfectly embody emphasized femininity often cannot fully capitalize on its value, which accrues disproportionately to men
Explain why women experience a penalty while men experience a premium in their career trajectories when they become parents
Mothers experience a double-bind characterized by two incompatible ideologies at work (intensive motherhood vs. ideal worker). When they cannot live up to these competing expectations, employers view them as less committed and competent at their jobs. Fathers often lean more into work once they become parents (allowed by the feminization of care work) and employers attribute more significance to fathers' earnings.
A husband who maintains that his wife's standards for cleanliness are just, by nature, higher than his so she should do all of the cleaning exhibits ________________.
Exculpatory Chauvinism
Wade & Ferree describe three modes of gender performance among women that represent different kinds of patriarchal bargains. Which of the three does does the Sarah Palin exemplify in this clip as she seeks to align disparate gendered symbols?
Gender equivocation
Name one structural change and one cultural change that has complicated men's ability to access or achieve hegemonic masculinity
Structural: reduced social mobility, socio-economic decline, macro-economic shifts
Cultural: new masculine ideals emerging, contestation over traditional masculine ideals, increasing awareness of male privilege, scrutiny of "toxic" masculinity
Raewyn Connell argues that emphasized femininity cannot be hegemonic in the same way as masculinity while other scholars criticize this stance. Briefly describe the positions on each side of this debate.
Connell argues that emphasized femininity is defined by passive compliance to subordinate positions in the gender order, i.e. it does not allow women to consolidate hegemonic power over men.
Intersectional scholars argue that privileged women's enactments of emphasized femininity are actively complicit in upholding the gender order, allowing certain women to consolidate power over other groups.
Briefly explain why gender fluid and queer women are better able to navigate the masculine culture of tech according to Alfrey & Twine.
They can more easily distance themselves from conventional femininity, which is a liability in male-dominated tech firms (especially incompatible with technical expertise and "geek" culture).
Cultural hegemony
The different visions of patriarchy contrasted in the clip illustrate the societal transition from ___________ to ___________.