Globalization
What is globalization?
intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa
Uniform national language/communication space that emerges from the mass media and the national education system
A National Public Sphere:
•An abstract concept that is used to discuss these evolutionary trends meaningfully
•It is a hypothetical person from whose perspective the evolutionary changes are judged.
The Average World Person
This strategy uses high tariffs to discourage imported goods
Import-substitution industrialization
The Shift to a Global Outlook has 2 critical dimensions. What are those 2 and explain a bit?
1- •People, as members of the global community, perceive that social responsibility is also international
2- •Identity and self are now formulated around global sources, norms, and values
What is modernization theory?
Development as a linear process from traditional to
modern.
Emphasizes internal factors such as culture, institutions, and values.
A complex interaction of publics, online and offline, all intertwined, multiple, connected, and complex, but also transnational and global.
“Digitally networked public sphere” or “networked public sphere:”
If we compare the workload from 10000 years ago to now, which societies had the most leisure and the least work?
Hunters and gatherers
These 2 theories blame exploitation by the core for Africa's current problems?
Dependency and World-system theory
3 Main Factors that Influence Social Change (Giddens)
Cultural factors
Physical environment
Political organizations
What is the world-system theory?
The capitalist world economy is a system.
Core, semi-periphery, and periphery structure.
What are 3 pre-digital tech that affected how we interact across space and time, shaping our sense of community, identity, and the public sphere?
Writing
Transportation
Print/newspapers
......and ........, who had control over their own work, were self-fulfilled workers! With the transition to modern .........., alienated labor has shaped!
Hunter-gatherers and agrarians
industrial capitalism
When capitalism and socialism are compared, there is no viable alternative to capitalism. So, what is the best solution based on Sanderson and Alderson?
•When capitalism and socialism are compared, “Capitalism with a human face” (the social democratic states in CH7) is the best option; a type of capitalism that minimizes poverty and decommodifies the work!
What are the 3 aspects/natures of globalization?
•Economic Globalization: World-economy
•Political Globalization: World polity
•Sociocultural Globalization: World society or world culture
What are 4 possible dependency mechanisms?
Exploitation through repatriation
Elite complicity
Structural distortion
Market vulnerability
Why and how does digital/online activism work?
Bridge tie
•Ordinary people have different social ties: strong ties, like family and friends, and weak ties, such as coworkers and acquaintances
•Through social media, people can maintain relationships with their “weak ties” that, without digital assistance, might have withered away or involved much less contact.
•Social scientists call the person connecting these two other wise separate clusters a “bridge tie.”
•Research shows that weak ties are more likely to be bridges between disparate groups.
Which theory/perspective is this?
•NO culture is superior
•Each culture indicates adaptive solutions to fundamental human problems
•All cultures are equal.
•Thus, each culture can be assessed only on its own terms/internal standards!
cultural relativism
What is disinformation? What is misinformation?
•Disinformation: false information which is deliberately intended to mislead—intentionally misstating the facts.
•Misinformation: false or inaccurate information—getting the facts wrong.
•So, explain it easily: disinformation is a deliberate lie, while misinformation is an honest mistake.
What Drives Globalization?
•Wallerstein, Meyer, Sanderson, and Alderson: The capitalist world economy
•Giddens: None of the political, economic, and sociocultural dimensions is of greater causal significance in globalization
Based on the theories of development that we covered, how would you explain the development of Taiwan and South Korea?
1- Dependency: Japan built an extensive infrastructure of transportation and communication, and established heavy industries in these countries + the U.S. heavily invested in these two countries during the Cold War Era
2- World-system: development by invitation: they take advantage of a period of expansion of the world-economy
Why and how does digital/online activism work?
Cute cat and network effect
Activists can leverage “cute cat” and the network effect, and use the most popular social media platforms among the public for their activism, because it is hard to ban/block them and easy to spread a message through them in the broader digitally networked public sphere!
Evaluate Industrial Capitalism Based on Rawls’ Theory
•Principle 1: Industrial capitalism has promoted democracy in the forms of liberties and rights. So, it has done well in this aspect!
•Principle 2: Industrial capitalism has led to the massive diffusion of income throughout various social classes and has improved the economic position of the working class.
Explain the factors that caused the Arab Spring:
Social media and the internet certainly changed the communications environment in the Middle East, but so did new satellite television channels.
Easier and cheaper travel and decades of globalization were factors, too, as more young people traveled internationally, interacted with other young people and activists around the world.
Activist networks formed during the Iraq War protests, the first publicly permitted political rallies in many countries in the region in a long time, enabled activists to meet one another.
Increasing corruption in government and rising food prices also contributed to that moment in early 2011 when the region shook.